A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind
Michael Axworthy
Shows how Black women, sidelined by abolitionists and white suffragists alike, built their own organizations and held out for voting rights for everyone, from the founding era to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

1 min 05 sec
The usual story says American women won the vote in 1920, and that was that. In Vanguard, historian and legal scholar Martha S. Jones shows why that date settled very little for Black women, who were still kept from the polls across the Jim Crow South decades later. She argues that Black women were shut out of leadership by the abolitionists and by the white suffragists who called themselves allies. So they built organizations of their own and held on to one demand the whole time: the vote for everyone, whatever their race or sex.
That refusal to settle for a partial victory is the thread here. It runs from a New York businesswoman who paid for the fight against slavery, through a preacher who walked thousands of miles, to a Florida school founder who faced down the Ku Klux Klan and later advised a president’s administration. Follow it, and American democracy gains different heroes. You also gain a sharp test for any alliance: who it includes once the votes are counted.
1 min 46 sec
Newspaper editors set out to win women over to the fight against slavery with stories of suffering. Women joined in large numbers, but for reasons the editors had not planned on, and those reasons carried a hidden problem.
1 min 46 sec
A New York businesswoman funded the anti-slavery cause, bought people out of bondage and protected fugitives. When the movement finally opened its top board to women, her name went on the ballot. What happened next started a fierce argument.
2 min 03 sec
An orphan who spent her youth working off a debt, a servant girl who heard a calling, and a Philadelphia teacher all hit the same wall. Their answer to it became a model that women across the country copied.
2 min 05 sec
A young woman in Missouri defended herself against the man who had abused her for years, and her lawyers had the law on their side. The judge found a way around it, and a famous speaker made sure the country heard.
1 min 55 sec
After the Civil War, three amendments rewrote the Constitution, and thousands of Black officials took office within a few years. Then the gains began to slip away, through methods that never openly broke the new rules.
1 min 59 sec
White suffragists invited Black women to join them, on certain conditions. A Washington campaigner saw what those conditions meant, and a senator from Mississippi soon offered a bargain that proved how much was at stake.
2 min 08 sec
A Florida educator taught women to register and stood her ground when the Klan arrived at her school. When local terror won anyway, she found a way out of a trap that seemed to have no exit.
1 min 06 sec
Vanguard turns a familiar timeline around. The year 1920 is the usual finish line, but for Black women the honest one is 1965. The work that reached it began in rooms where they were expected to stay quiet. Each time an ally offered partial freedom, they answered with a larger idea, and over time that larger idea became the country’s law.
The lessons travel beyond American history. Inclusion is measured by who gets elected, as Hester Lane learned when four white colleagues joined the board without her. A compromise deserves suspicion when it buys one group’s rights with another’s, the bargain Vardaman offered the Senate. And people shut out of an institution can build their own, as Sarah Mapps Douglass did in Philadelphia and as Bethune did twice, in Daytona and then in Washington.
When a cause you care about celebrates a win, notice who is still standing outside it. And keep one picture from the book: a schoolroom in Daytona, where girls sang hymns through a Klan show of force until the men went away.
The familiar story of American women's suffrage ends in 1920 with the Nineteenth Amendment. Martha S. Jones argues that for Black women it was barely a midpoint. In Vanguard she follows Black women from the founding era to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. She shows them leading the fight for democracy even when the movements they supported refused to let them lead. Jones builds her history around people. Hester Lane was passed over for the Anti-Slavery Society's board while four white women were elected. The preacher Jarena Lee walked thousands of miles to spread her message. Celia, an enslaved woman, was denied the right to defend herself. Alongside them come Sojourner Truth, Mary Church Terrell of the National Association of Colored Women, and Mary McLeod Bethune, who carried the struggle from a Florida schoolhouse to Washington. Readers get a clearer picture of how race and sex worked together to exclude, and why alliances with white suffragists were so uneasy. They also see how Black women answered exclusion by building institutions of their own and refusing any bargain that left someone out.
Readers who know the headline story of women's suffrage and want the part it usually leaves out.
Students and teachers of history, law or politics looking for the people behind the amendments.
Team leads and organizers who want to test whether their own coalitions include everyone they claim to.
Martha S. Jones is a historian, legal scholar and writer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, where she holds a presidential professorship named for the Society of Black Alumni and teaches history. She studies American legal and cultural history, with a focus on how Black Americans have shaped the country's democracy. Her other books include Birthright Citizens, All Bound Up Together and a family memoir, The Trouble of Color. She has served as co-president of the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians, and her writing has appeared in the Atlantic, the Washington Post and the New York Times.
Listeners view this work as a vital and life-changing historical account that sheds light on the crucial contributions of Black women to the struggle for parity. Although views differ regarding the academic style and the survey-based organization, listeners value its function as a comprehensive "who’s who" of both well-known and hidden activists. Furthermore, they appreciate how the narrative fixes historical inaccuracies, as one listener pointed out that the research shows activism "started a full century sooner" than typically understood. They also suggest that the thorough descriptions of individuals such as Ida B. Wells and Maria Stewart render it an "important read" for grasping the roots of social reform. Additionally, listeners highlight how the writing effectively showcases the persistence of women who frequently stood at the "vanguard" of significant causes even when ignored by conventional history.
Jones has truly shifted my perspective on when the struggle for suffrage actually began. I always thought the movement started much later, but Vanguard proves that Black women were organizing in churches and clubs a full century earlier than common myths suggest. It’s an essential corrective that highlights figures like Mary Ann Shadd Cary alongside better-known names. While the academic tone can feel a bit dense in the middle sections, the sheer amount of research is breathtaking. These women weren’t just participants; they were the pioneers pushing this country toward its ideals even when those ideals didn't include them. I found myself frequently highlighting passages to share with friends. It’s not just a history book; it’s a manual on resilience and political strategy. If you think you know the story of women's rights in America, this book will prove you wrong in the best way possible.
Show moreWow, I was blown away by the sheer resilience of the women documented in this volume. Vanguard isn't just a title; it's a description of how these women were consistently at the front lines of progress. Jones highlights how activists like Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells navigated a world that tried to silence them at every turn. The book is dense, yes, but that’s because there is so much history to recover. I loved how it traced the movement all the way to modern figures like Stacey Abrams. It makes you realize that today’s political landscape didn't just happen by accident. Every gain was fought for by women whose names are rarely in textbooks. This is an essential read for anyone interested in social justice or American history. It’s a bit of a commitment to get through, but absolutely worth the effort.
Show moreThe chapter on Maria Stewart was a revelation for me. I had never heard her name before, and now I can't believe she's not a household name like Susan B. Anthony. Jones has done a tremendous service by bringing these voices back into the light. The book is transformative because it changes the timeline we’ve all been taught. It proves that Black women have been the vanguard of democracy for centuries, insisting on equality for everyone, not just a select few. The writing is definitely on the academic side, but the passion Jones has for her subjects shines through. It’s a heavy read—both in terms of information and the themes of systemic oppression—but it’s one that every American should probably read at least once. It corrected so many of the myths I grew up believing.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this corrective to the standard American history curriculum. Vanguard is a masterpiece of research that highlights how Black women were often the most consistent defenders of democratic values in the US. I was struck by how many of the strategies used by 19th-century activists are still being used by organizers today. Jones connects the past to the present with incredible skill, showing the direct line from the pulpit to the modern ballot box. While it is a 'survey' style book, I think that's necessary to show the sheer scale of the movement. It’s not just about one or two extraordinary people; it’s about a massive, sustained effort by thousands of women across generations. This should be required reading in colleges across the country. Truly a groundbreaking work.
Show morePicked this up because I wanted to learn about more than just the usual historical figures we hear about every February. Martha S. Jones does an incredible job of unearthing the stories of women who fought on multiple fronts—against both racism and sexism—long before the 19th Amendment was even a glimmer in the eye of white suffragists. The focus on the pulpit and publishing as avenues for activism was particularly fascinating to me. I did find the structure a little loose, wandering through different decades and locations without many clear transitions. Sometimes it felt like I was reading a collection of mini-biographies rather than a single book. However, the information itself is so vital that I was willing to overlook the somewhat muddled organization. It really challenges the white-centered narrative of the suffrage movement.
Show moreEver wonder why our history books leave out so many of the women who actually built these movements? Jones answers that question by showing exactly who they were and what they did. From the early days of the AME church to the civil rights struggles of the 20th century, this book is a massive recovery project. I particularly enjoyed learning about the women’s clubs and how they organized for the vote. My only real gripe is that the author sometimes adds speculative 'feelings' or internal thoughts to the women she's profiling. It felt a little bit like she was trying to bridge the gap between history and fiction, which didn't always work for me. I prefer a more straightforward presentation of facts without the added 'talismans of good luck' and imaginary nerves. Still, the breadth of the work is undeniable.
Show moreAfter hearing the audiobook narrated by Mella Lee, I have complicated feelings about the presentation. The narrator is very dramatic, which sometimes made the history feel more like a performance than a scholarly work. That being said, the content itself is top-notch. I had no idea that Black women's activism was so deeply rooted in the mid-1800s. Jones does a great job showing how they were often betrayed by white suffragists who prioritized their own rights over racial equality. It’s an eye-opening look at the intersectional nature of the struggle for the ballot. The book can be a bit overwhelming with the number of activists it introduces, so you might need to take it in small doses. If you're looking for a deep dive into one person, this isn't it, but for a broad understanding of a movement, it’s excellent.
Show moreTo be fair, I found the prose a bit too professorial and dry for my taste. I appreciate the massive undertaking of documenting so many unsung activists, but the book often feels like a 'who’s who' list rather than a cohesive narrative. It jumps from one person to another so quickly that it becomes hard to form an emotional connection with any individual. I wanted a deeper dive into figures like Fannie Lou Hamer, but instead, I got a broad survey that lacked connective tissue. The author clearly knows her stuff, and the historical rigor is impressive, yet the reading experience felt like a chore at times. It’s an important reference work, but don’t go into it expecting a fast-paced biography. It serves its purpose as a foundational text for those new to Black women's political history, though I wish it had a stronger, more focused thesis.
Show moreFrankly, the lack of a central thesis made this a difficult read for me to get through. While the information is undoubtedly important, it often feels like a long list of political activities without enough analysis linking them together. I kept waiting for a 'big picture' moment that never quite arrived. Instead, we get a quick survey of dozens of women, which left me wanting more depth on each of them. The paucity of recorded history for some of these pioneers is likely the reason for the brevity, but it still makes for a fragmented reading experience. It’s a good reference book to keep on your shelf if you need to look up a specific activist. However, as a cover-to-cover read, it lacked the narrative drive I usually look for in historical non-fiction.
Show moreNot what I expected based on the blurbs, as it felt more like an encyclopedia than a narrative. The author tries to pack in so many names and dates that the 'greater arc' of the history gets completely lost in the weeds. I felt like I was reading a series of facts rather than a compelling story. There’s also a lot of academic jargon and catchwords that made the reading experience quite alienating for a layperson like myself. Truth is, I struggled to stay engaged because the writing style felt so clinical. I understand the need for rigor, but the lack of personal detail made it hard to retain anything I read. I stopped halfway through because I felt like I was just skimming names I wouldn’t remember ten minutes later. It might work well as a textbook, but as a general non-fiction read, it falls short of being engaging.
Show moreVanguard traces how Black women fought for voting rights from the founding era to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Jones shows them shut out of leadership by abolitionist societies and by white suffragists. In response, they built their own organizations, such as the National Association of Colored Women, and kept pressing for the vote for everyone, regardless of race or sex, even when others accepted compromises.
Jones describes repeated exclusion. Hester Lane was the only nominee not elected to the Anti-Slavery Society’s board in 1840, while four white women won seats. Later, the Woman Suffrage Party wanted Black members to dissolve their own societies. The National American Woman Suffrage Association hinted that votes for white women would secure a white majority. Mary Church Terrell feared Black women’s interests would be traded away.
The book follows Hester Lane, a New York businesswoman and abolitionist, and Maria Miller Stewart, who argued for equality between the sexes. Jarena Lee became a licensed preacher, and Sarah Mapps Douglass founded societies in Philadelphia. It also covers Celia, whose trial exposed the law’s double standard, along with Sojourner Truth and Mary Church Terrell. Mary McLeod Bethune carried the struggle from her Florida school to Washington.
The book suggests judging inclusion by who actually holds office, as Hester Lane’s rejection shows. It warns against any compromise that buys one group’s rights with another’s, like the 1913 Vardaman proposal to repeal the Fifteenth Amendment. And it shows that people shut out of institutions can build their own, and that when local power is blocked, influence where rules are made can break the deadlock.
Michael Axworthy
Johny Pitts
Tom Standage
Ishmael Beah
bell hooks
William J. Bernstein
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Get the key ideas from Vanguard by Martha S. Jones, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.
