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14 min 42 sec
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The Ten Types of Human: A New Understanding of Who We Are, and Who We Can Be

Explains why ordinary people can be capable of both cruelty and courage. Dias traces both to evolved mental programs, shows how they switch on under pressure, and explains how to redirect them in yourself and others.

Table of Content

Most people feel sure of their limits: the acts they would never commit and the ones they would always commit for someone they love. In The Ten Types of Human, human rights lawyer Dexter Dias argues that those limits are shakier than they feel. His reason is that the mind runs on separate programs built by evolution, each switched on by different conditions. One sign of that hidden machinery is a blind man who smiled back at a doctor he could not see.

Dias names ten such programs, among them the Aggressor, the Tribalist, the Nurturer and the Rescuer, and treats them as overlapping drives that every person carries. His case is that cruelty and kindness grew from the same survival pressures, and that neither one is our fate. Learn to spot which program is running, in you or in someone else, and blame gives way to understanding. You also get a clearer sense of where a better choice can still be made.

A grieving mother asked a lawyer one question he could not answer, even after months in court. His search for a reply led from a tragedy in custody to a new picture of how every human mind is built.

Sharing someone’s suffering lights up the brain as if the hurt were your own, which is why caring people often run dry. A Buddhist monk in a brain scanner suggests that it does not have to be that way.

Thousands of soldiers facing death on a battlefield left their weapons loaded and unused. Yet a strange experiment with insects shows how easily a first act of harm can make the next one feel necessary.

A single word decided who lived and who died on one Caribbean island. Yet a simple test with basketball jerseys shows that the lines our minds draw between groups are far less permanent than they seem.

Parents insist they love their children equally, and they mean it. Research on sick twins and a teenage mother’s impossible decision reveal a colder logic working underneath, one that explains choices outsiders call unthinkable.

Economists long assumed that every kind act hides a selfish motive. Volunteers who chose pain over an easy exit, and a drug dealer who lost almost everything for a stranger, tell a different story.

The same person can be devoted at home and indifferent on the street, generous in one room and tight-fisted in the next. A children’s nurse offers a clue to why that is less hypocritical than it looks.

Dias set out to answer a grieving mother, and what he found is both unsettling and hopeful. The inhibition that left 24,000 muskets unfired and the hunger that makes violence rewarding for a child soldier belong to the same species, sometimes to the same person. Neither is anyone’s true self. Each is a program waiting for its conditions. The Guardian’s Zoe Williams tied the book’s optimism to Dias’s human rights work and its belief that misery can be overcome if enough of the right people try.

That belief has everyday uses. Beside someone in pain, aim for a warm wish to help instead of mirroring the hurt, the shift that let Matthieu Richard’s brain find reward instead of exhaustion. In a quarrel, stop at the first harsh act, before justifying it becomes easier than stopping. When a room splits into us and them, offer a shared jersey. And when behavior makes no sense, look for the survival problem behind it.

Gareth Myatt’s mother asked why. Dias’s answer is that the reasons are written into our evolved minds, and so is the capacity to choose differently.

About this book

What is this book about?

Why does a soldier refuse to fire, a parent favor one child, or a drug dealer risk his life for a stranger he barely knows? Dexter Dias, a human rights lawyer, began looking for answers after a grieving mother asked him why her teenage son had died in custody, and he could not tell her. His search led him through criminology and moral cognition to one central proposition. The brain evolved separate programs to solve recurring survival problems, and these Types, among them the Perceiver of Pain, the Aggressor, the Tribalist, the Nurturer, the Kinsman and the Rescuer, become active when we face life's hardest decisions. Atrocity and altruism both grew from the same evolutionary pressures. Dias insists that none of this means our behavior is fixed. The book begins in a courtroom and travels across four continents. It pairs lab experiments with the lives of real people: a blind man who still reads faces, a teenage mother in the baby trade, a trafficker's driver who warned a young woman about what awaited her. Readers come away understanding why good people do terrible things, and how empathy, tribal lines and aggression can be steered toward something better.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Psychology

Topics:

Empathy, Human Nature, Social Psychology

Publisher:

Penguin Random House

Language:

English

Narrator:

Evelyn

First published:

August 1, 2018

Pages:

848

Length:

14 min 42 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Questioners of human nature

    Curious readers who want to understand why ordinary people commit both atrocities and acts of courage.

  • Professionals handling daily conflict

    Managers, teachers and carers who face conflict, group rivalry or other people's distress every day.

  • Empathizers running on empty

    Anyone worn down by empathy who wants a way to keep caring without burning out.

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About the Author

Dexter Dias

Dexter Dias is an international human rights lawyer who has worked on high-profile cases involving free speech, genocide and crimes against humanity. A Cambridge scholar and former Harvard Visiting Fellow, he specializes in the meeting point of human rights and psychology. He advises UNICEF UK, the United Nations Children's Fund in the UK, on human rights and co-presents the podcast The 100 Types of Human.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.1

Overall score based on 35 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find the work thought-provoking, with one noting its examination of human conduct and another highlighting the pioneering research. Views on its accessibility are split, as some view it as a compelling read while others find it muddled.

Top reviews

Pete

This book genuinely changed how I view my own impulses and the world around me. Dexter Dias manages to weave together hard neuroscience with the kind of storytelling that keeps you awake at night, long after you’ve put the book down. While some readers find the switching between scientific data and human rights cases jarring, I thought it mirrored the complexity of the human mind perfectly. It is a hefty tome, yes, but the insights into 'The Romancer' and 'The Kinship' types are absolutely worth the effort. It’s rare to find a book that challenges your moral cognition while remaining so deeply rooted in empathy. Truly essential reading for anyone trying to understand the duality of our species.

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Wipada

Ever wonder why we are capable of both extreme cruelty and incredible self-sacrifice? This book provides the most comprehensive answer I’ve ever found. Dias breaks down our evolutionary makeup into ten specific 'types' that explain everything from why we protect our kin to how we perceive beauty in others. The section on 'The Perceiver of Pain' was a revelation to me, especially how it linked neurological networks to global human rights issues. It’s a long journey, and some chapters are easier to digest than others, but the emotional payoff is huge. Not gonna lie, I cried more than once. It’s a profound exploration of what it means to be alive today.

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Viroj

Wow. Just wow. This isn't just a book about neuroscience; it's a testament to human resilience. The way Dias explains the 'Tamer of Terror' and 'The Rescuer' through the lens of those who survived the Haiti earthquake was masterfully done. I’ve read a lot of psychology books, but few manage to be this vivid and academically rigorous at the same time. The 'Ten Types' framework provides a helpful mental map for navigating our often-confusing social interactions. It is a long read, and certainly not for everyone, but if you want to understand the 'why' behind the headlines, you need to pick this up.

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Sarawut

The chapter on 'The Romancer' and 'The Beholder of Beauty' alone is worth the price of admission. It explains so much about our biological drives in a way that is both scientifically grounded and emotionally resonant. I loved how Dias didn't just stay in a lab; he went to the Gobi desert and war zones to see how these 'types' actually manifest in the real world. The theory that our brain activates different modules depending on the situation makes so much sense of our contradictory behaviors. It's a brilliant, ambitious piece of work that actually lives up to the hype. I'll be thinking about this one for a long time.

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Som

Finally managed to get through this massive volume, and I’m glad I did, though it was a bit of a marathon. As someone who enjoys Yuval Noah Harari, I found this to be a fascinating, if somewhat more emotionally grueling, companion piece to those broader histories. Dias brings his unique perspective as a human rights lawyer to the table, which adds a layer of practical urgency to the evolutionary psychology he discusses. The story of Anthony in Ghana was particularly heartbreaking and served as a powerful anchor for the scientific theories. I’m knocking off one star because the prose can be a bit flowery at times, and the author’s habit of describing every person's physical appearance felt unnecessary. Still, the cutting-edge research makes it a very good read.

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Somsri

As a fan of popular science, I appreciated how this book bridges the gap between the lab and the real world. Frankly, I didn't expect a human rights lawyer to have such a firm grasp on moral cognition and evolutionary biology. The 'school shooting' dilemma at the start really sets the stage for a book that doesn't shy away from the darkest corners of the human experience. My only real gripe is that it feels like a bit of a vanity project at points, with the author inserting himself into the narrative more than necessary. However, the sheer breadth of the research and the moving stories of survival in places like the Central African Republic make it a deeply rewarding read.

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Chaiwat

Frankly, I struggled with the first hundred pages because the writing style is so dense and the tone shifts are quite abrupt. But once I got used to the author’s rhythm, I found myself completely sucked in by the individual stories. The case studies on FGM and human trafficking are handled with extreme care and serve as the 'test cases' for the psychological theories presented. It’s a very different beast from your standard neuroscience text. It’s much more focused on the soul. While it could have benefited from a stricter editor to trim some of the repetitive scientific lectures, the overall impact is undeniable. It leaves you seeing the world differently.

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Lucia

Picked this up on a recommendation and spent three weeks digesting it. It’s a hefty tome that demands your full attention, especially when it dives into the specifics of the 'Kingsman' or 'The Perceiver of Pain.' The stories from the Central African Republic were eye-opening; I’ll admit I didn't know much about the conflict there before reading this. Dias is a talented writer who uses a fictional toolkit—dialogue and internal monologues—to make a non-fiction book feel very alive. While I’m not 100% sold on every part of his ten-type model, the book is incredibly insightful and offers a unique perspective on our shared humanity. Definitely worth the time if you're interested in why we do what we do.

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David

To be fair, the research is impeccable, but the structure is a total mess. I found it incredibly frustrating how the author would introduce a harrowing story about child soldiers or acid attacks, only to cut away to a lecture on brain modules right at the climax. It felt like he was trying too hard to create a page-turner rather than letting the science speak for itself. Look, the content is five-star material, but the style is closer to one star for me. I often lost track of which person was which because of the constant narrative jumping. It’s an insightful look at human behavior, but be prepared for a very disjointed reading experience that requires serious patience.

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Goy

Look, I appreciate the depth of research here, but the 'narrative overfit' mentioned by other reviewers is a real problem. The author tries to squeeze every complex human tragedy into one of his ten specific categories, and sometimes it just feels forced. I also found the frequent descriptions of people's hair and clothes to be a bit frivolous given the gravity of the subjects being discussed. The science is interesting, particularly the parts about babies recognizing beauty, but the book is just way too long for the points it's trying to make. If you have the time to sift through it, there are gems here, but it’s a slog.

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Questions about this book

Dias argues that the mind is made of evolved programs he calls Types, such as the Perceiver of Pain, the Aggressor, the Tribalist, the Nurturer and the Rescuer. They take over when we face our hardest choices, often without our noticing. Both cruelty and kindness, he says, grew from the same survival pressures, but neither is fixed. The book pairs psychology experiments with real-life stories that Dias gathered around the world.

The book names the Perceiver of Pain, the Ostracizer, the Tamer of Terror, the Beholder, the Aggressor, the Tribalist, the Nurturer, the Romancer, the Rescuer and the Kinsman. Dias stresses that these are not boxes for sorting people into categories. They are overlapping drives that every person carries, each switched on by particular situations, from a threat to a child to the loss of a place in the group.

It grew from his work on the case of Gareth Myatt, a 15-year-old who died in 2004 while being restrained in a young offenders institution. Gareth’s mother asked Dias why they had killed her son, and even after a three-month inquest he could not explain it. That question sent him to study child restraint at Cambridge and psychology at Harvard, where he encountered moral cognition research.

Dias draws on Tania Singer’s research. Sharing someone’s pain activates our own pain networks and wears us down. When the monk Matthieu Richard deliberately cultivated warmth and a wish to help, his reward centers lit up instead. The practical step is to shift from mirroring another person’s hurt to focusing on a caring urge to act, which Dias treats as a trainable skill.

Dias describes the Tribalist as a program that constantly sorts insiders from outsiders. In Robert Kurzban’s study, people confused basketball players by race until the players wore colored team jerseys, after which they confused teammates instead. The mind uses whatever marker signals a team, even a coin flip, so Dias argues that group lines, race included, can be redrawn.

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The Ten Types of Human

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