Opens in a new tab
14 min 09 sec
Available in:Englishไทย

Six Thinking Hats

Shows how to stop facts, feelings, fears and fresh ideas from colliding in your head or your meetings, by giving each kind of thinking its own color and its own turn.

Table of Content

If your meetings circle the same argument for weeks, the problem may be less the people than the way they think together. In Six Thinking Hats, physician, inventor and consultant Edward de Bono describes how the oil company Statoil had a rig problem costing it about $100,000 a day, and solved it in 12 minutes once a trained facilitator introduced his method.

His argument is simple. Muddled thinking comes from handling facts, feelings, risks, hopes and new ideas all in the same moment. Separate them and give each its turn, and a person or a whole team thinks faster and better. De Bono’s device for that separation is six imaginary hats, each a color standing for one kind of thinking.

What follows covers what each color asks of you, the few rules that make the hats work in a real room, and how to run your next hard decision as an orderly sequence that ends in a clear outcome.

Ask a team how they really feel and most will dodge the question. Change one word in the request, a color, and the same people start talking openly. De Bono’s explanation reveals why groups so often argue past each other.

A tool anyone can switch whenever they like soon turns back into ordinary chaos. De Bono adds a small set of rules about who changes the hat and for how long, and they matter more than the colors themselves.

Many debates are lost in their first five minutes, before anyone has said anything wrong. De Bono’s fix asks people to sound like a machine for a while, and a marketing head’s budget problem shows what that buys.

Feelings are in every meeting whether anyone admits it or not. De Bono gives them a protected slot with three firm conditions, and one of those conditions sounds backward until you see what it prevents.

Caution keeps companies alive, and too much of it slowly starves them. De Bono’s comparison with poisonous berries and with food itself shows where the line sits between healthy criticism and endless fault-finding.

Optimism sounds easy, yet de Bono rates it harder than criticism. He also sets strict limits on it, ruling out a certain kind of daydream that teams often mistake for vision.

Most groups wait for the one inventive colleague to save the day. De Bono thinks that habit wastes most of the room, and an episode from the history of technology shows what happens when nobody imagines the future.

A discussion without someone watching the process drifts, however talented the people. De Bono hands that role to one color, and a couple arguing over a country house shows how quickly it can end a long standoff.

De Bono pictures four people in a car, none of whom knows the roads well. Every junction sparks an argument, and the arguments grow sharper the longer the drive goes on. Hand them a map and the best route becomes obvious to everyone. The six hats are that map for a conversation. They do not make anyone smarter on the spot. They remove the noise of facts, feelings, fears, hopes and ideas all speaking at once, and they let a group look at the same side of a problem together. Behind the colors sits his larger claim that thinking is a skill, and skills improve when practiced on purpose.

You can begin small. The next time a decision stalls, give someone the blue hat, open with a few minutes of white so everyone shares the same facts, and let red have a turn in which no feeling needs a defense. Give black and yellow their minutes each, then ask every person for a green idea. A married couple ended a long argument this way in ten minutes. Your stuck project may need less time than the arguing already cost.

About this book

What is this book about?

Most bad meetings and stalled decisions share one cause: everyone is thinking about everything at once. Facts, gut feelings, worries, hopes and half-formed ideas pile on top of each other, and people argue from different angles without noticing. Edward de Bono argues that thinking is a skill like any other, and that it improves once you separate its parts. His tool is six imaginary hats, each a color tied to one mode of thought. White gathers facts. Red airs feelings without justification. Black weighs dangers. Yellow looks for realistic benefits. Green produces alternatives. Blue runs the process. A group wears one hat at a time, so everyone looks at the problem from the same side, a practice de Bono calls parallel thinking. The book explains what each hat asks of you, the rules for discipline and timing that make the method work in a real room, and the payoff de Bono reports from users, from an oil company's costly rig problem solved in 12 minutes to project discussions cut from 20 days to two.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Management & Leadership

Topics:

Decision-Making, Mental Models, Workplace Communication

Publisher:

Hachette

Language:

English, ไทย

Narrator:

Hannah

First published:

August 18, 1999

Pages:

192

Length:

14 min 09 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Running meetings that stall

    Team leads and facilitators whose meetings drag on without reaching decisions.

  • Wanting a shared language

    Founders and managers who want a simple shared language for criticism, feelings and new ideas.

  • Frozen by big choices

    Anyone who freezes on big personal choices because every thought arrives at once.

Listen to Preview

About the Author

Edward de Bono

Edward de Bono, born in Floriana, Malta, in 1933, worked as a physician, an inventor and a consultant before his death in 2021. He introduced the term lateral thinking and argued that schools should teach thinking deliberately, as a skill. He held faculty positions at Oxford, Harvard and Cambridge and wrote more than 80 books, including The Mechanism of the Mind.

More from Edward de Bono

See all books

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.5

Overall score based on 304 ratings.

What people think

Listeners consider this work an effective thinking instrument that aids in building new techniques and enhancing comprehension. They find it highly readable, noting it is a great choice for work and that everyone in business should read it, while also praising the clear guidance and uncomplicated ideas which apply to many areas of life. Its usefulness in meetings and discussions is frequently highlighted, particularly for managing tough conversations, and its imaginative methodology is celebrated, with one listener describing how it unites harmony and creativity. Feedback on the book's length is varied, as several listeners point out that it's short.

Top reviews

Julian

The brilliance of this book lies in its sheer simplicity, stripping away the ego that usually clogs up corporate decision-making. De Bono introduces the concept of parallel thinking, where everyone wears the same "hat" at once, which prevents that exhausting tug-of-war between the optimist and the critic. While some might find the metaphors a bit childish, the result is undeniably efficient meetings that actually produce actionable outcomes. Truth is, we often waste hours because someone is stuck in "black hat" mode while the rest are trying to brainstorm creatively. By compartmentalizing our thoughts into colors—white for facts, red for feelings, and so on—the book provides a roadmap for harmony and productivity. It’s a short read, but the impact on your professional communication is massive if you actually commit to the process.

Show more
Nang

This isn't just for business meetings; I’ve actually started using these principles to navigate personal decisions and it’s been a total game-changer for my mental clarity. The "white hat" helps me strip away my biases and just look at the cold, hard facts of a situation, while the "yellow hat" forces me to see benefits I might have overlooked. De Bono has a way of making complex cognitive processes feel intuitive and manageable. Not gonna lie, I was skeptical about the "red hat" because we’re usually told to keep emotions out of logic, but acknowledging them upfront actually makes the logic cleaner. It’s a quick, punchy read that I’ll likely revisit whenever I feel stuck in a rut. Highly recommended for anyone who wants to stop overthinking.

Show more
Pui

Direct and punchy, this is one of those rare books that provides a tool you can use five minutes after finishing the last page. De Bono understands that our brains aren't naturally wired to juggle multiple perspectives simultaneously, so he gives us a way to offload that mental burden. The beauty of the system is how it democratizes the thinking process, allowing the quietest person in the room to contribute "green hat" ideas without being shut down. I’ve found it especially helpful for difficult conversations where emotions usually run high and cloud the actual facts. It’s a short, effective guide that simplifies complex problems into something you can actually wrap your head around. If you’re tired of circular arguments and dead-end meetings, just read it.

Show more
Cameron

Finally got around to reading this classic, and I have to say, the logic holds up even decades after it was first published. De Bono’s writing style is clear and accessible, making it an easy weekend read for anyone looking to sharpen their mental toolkit. I especially liked the "blue hat" section because it emphasizes the need for a conductor to manage the flow of a conversation. Sometimes we get so bogged down in data (white hat) that we forget to account for the human element (red hat), which is often the most important part of any big change. My only real gripe is that it feels a bit dated in its examples, but the core methodology remains a powerful way to foster understanding in a divided team. It’s a solid addition to any business library.

Show more
Chon

After hearing about de Bono for years, I was surprised by how much I enjoyed the straightforward, jargon-free tone of this text. It’s a refreshing change from those 500-page business tomes that use a lot of words to say very little. The "six hats" approach is basically a way to give people permission to speak their minds without fear of being judged for being too negative or too emotional. By assigning a specific role to a specific time, you eliminate the friction that usually happens when two people are looking at the same problem with different goals. To be fair, it takes a very strong leader to facilitate this properly without it becoming a chaotic mess. If you can get your team to buy in, the efficiency gains are well worth the initial awkwardness.

Show more
Aubrey

Ever wonder why meetings always feel like a battleground where the loudest person wins? De Bono argues that it’s because we’re all trying to do too many things at once—arguing, facts, feelings—and it just creates a muddy mess of ego. This book offers a brilliant alternative by separating these modes of thought into distinct, manageable segments. It fosters a sense of harmony because everyone is working toward the same goal at the same time, rather than competing to be "right." Personally, I think the most valuable part is the "blue hat," which keeps the discussion on track and prevents the "black hat" from sucking all the energy out of the room. It’s a simple concept, but applying it requires discipline and an open-minded team.

Show more
Nattapong

The concept of parallel thinking is fascinating, but the execution in a real-world setting is where things start to get a bit messy. On paper, having a designated "green hat" moment for creativity sounds like a dream for innovation, but in practice, people often struggle to switch their mindsets on command. I found the chapter on the "black hat" particularly interesting because it validates the need for critical thinking without letting it derail the entire project. However, the book repeats itself quite a lot for something so short, and I felt like I was reading the same instructions over and over. It’s a useful framework for difficult conversations, but don't expect it to be a magic wand that solves every interpersonal conflict in your office.

Show more
Saowalak

Look, the book is barely 200 pages and feels like it’s mostly padding around a single, very good idea. While the methodology is clever and definitely helps with group dynamics, the writing style can be somewhat dry and repetitive. I appreciate that it’s a quick read, but I couldn't help feeling like I was being sold a consultant's workshop rather than a complete philosophy. The "black hat" and "green hat" sections are the strongest, offering a clear distinction between risk assessment and creative growth. Still, the whole "putting on a hat" metaphor feels a little clunky in a modern professional setting. It’s a decent tool to have in your back pocket, but it might not be the earth-shattering revelation that some of the reviews suggest.

Show more
Lena

Is it just me, or does this feel like a primary school exercise disguised as a high-level management strategy? I picked this up hoping for deep psychological insights into cognitive bias, but instead, I got a repetitive manual about literal pretend hats. If I asked my senior developers to "put on their yellow hats" during a sprint retrospective, I’d be laughed out of the room. Frankly, the book is incredibly thin on substance and could have easily been a five-page PDF or a single blog post. While I appreciate the attempt to structure group discussions, it underestimates the intelligence of professional adults who can already look at problems from different angles. It’s too simplistic for complex environments where nuance matters more than color-coded labels.

Show more
Kavya

I really wanted to like this because the premise of better thinking is so attractive, but the application felt incredibly forced and artificial during my last project. We brought in a facilitator who insisted on the hat terminology, and it just ended up causing more polarization among the staff. Some people loved the "green hat" creative license, while others felt the "red hat" invited unnecessary drama into what should have been a data-driven discussion. The book lacks the nuance needed for high-stakes environments where you can't just switch off your critical thinking for an hour. It’s a mildly interesting concept that probably works better in a classroom than in a boardroom full of skeptical professionals. It felt like a lot of effort for very little payoff.

Show more
Show all reviews

Questions about this book

Edward de Bono argues that confusion is the biggest obstacle to clear thinking, because facts, emotions, risks, benefits and new ideas usually compete at the same moment. His method assigns each kind of thinking a colored hat and has a person or group use one at a time. Everyone then looks at a problem from the same angle, which he calls parallel thinking, and decisions arrive faster.

White is neutral facts and the information still missing. Red is feelings and intuition, shared without justification. Black is caution, legal and ethical limits and possible dangers. Yellow is realistic benefits and value. Green is new ideas and alternatives. Blue manages the process itself: setting the aim, choosing which hats to use, keeping discipline, asking for the outcome and planning next steps.

The leader wears the blue hat throughout, states the purpose and picks a sequence of hats, often opening with white to set out the facts. Only the leader announces a change. De Bono suggests about one minute per participant under each hat, so four people spend roughly four minutes per color. Hats can also be called singly, for example asking for green-hat thinking when ideas run dry.

De Bono reports several cases. Statoil solved an oil rig problem costing about $100,000 a day in 12 minutes after a trained facilitator introduced the method. ABB cut multinational project discussions from 20 days to as little as two. A couple who read about the hats in the Financial Times settled a long dispute over buying a country house in ten minutes.

Featured in

AUDIO SUMMARY AVAILABLE

Listen to Six Thinking Hats in 15 minutes

Get the key ideas from Six Thinking Hats by Edward de Bono, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.

  • 5,000+ titles
  • Listen as much as you want
  • 7-day free trial
  • Cancel anytime

Six Thinking Hats

Preview · Full summary 14 min 09 sec
Home

Discover

Open app

Log in