Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope
Sarah Bakewell traces seven centuries of humanism through Petrarch, Christine de Pizan, Erasmus, Montaigne, Voltaire and Thomas Mann. She shows how curiosity, kindness and hope can guide a life without a fixed creed.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
1 min 20 sec
Some people feel that a good life should not need a rulebook handed down from above. Without knowing it, they share a stance with seven centuries of thinkers. In Humanly Possible, Sarah Bakewell names that stance and tells its history. Humanism, as she presents it, values human reason, dignity and creativity for their own sake and trusts conscience to guide good behavior.
Her most surprising point comes first: humanism has no church, no flag and no founding creed. It has survived only because individual people chose to live it, generation after generation. Bakewell follows that thread from two Italian sons who defied their fathers to a German novelist broadcasting against Hitler, and each figure rebuilt humanism against the threats of their own time. Along the way you meet a widow who wrote to feed her family, a scholar whose school beatings turned him toward peace and a writer who answered an earthquake with a garden. Each life offers a habit worth borrowing: curiosity, a voice, kindness, responsibility or hope.
2. Explain humanism without a creed or flag
1 min 58 sec
A young man’s safety depended on defining his own beliefs to a panel of skeptical officials, and he could not convince them. His trouble reveals something odd about the outlook he was trying to describe.
3. Old books as comfort in hard times
1 min 54 sec
Two young Italians turned down their fathers’ careers and spent their lives chasing dusty manuscripts. When plague swept through their world, that obsession turned out to have a deeply practical use.
4. Find your voice when few will listen
2 min 02 sec
A widow with children and a mother to support turned to the one trade open to her. Another woman wrote to a famous tutor and was brushed aside. Neither story ended where the world expected.
5. Choose kindness and seek other points of view
2 min 13 sec
A boy beaten throughout his schooling grew up convinced the human body itself proves we were made for gentleness. Then, in France, Montaigne gave us the personal essay, a way of writing about human life.
6. Stop accepting suffering as part of a plan
2 min 04 sec
After a disaster killed tens of thousands, Europeans were told that everything happens for the best. One writer found that comfort dangerous, and his answer still challenges anyone tempted to shrug at a problem.
7. Hope that survives the darkest decades
2 min 00 sec
A novelist who believed writers should stay out of politics ended up in exile, speaking to his own country over the radio. His choice raises a question every professional faces when silence starts to feel safer.
8. Conclusion
1 min 13 sec
Humanism, as Bakewell tells it, has never existed as an institution. It exists whenever someone decides that human beings are worth studying, preserving and defending, and that conscience can guide them without a rulebook from above. That is why it was so hard to define in an asylum interview, and why it has lasted seven hundred years anyway.
Each figure adds a different strength. Petrarch’s wish lists and grief letters show a love of learning put to human use. Christine de Pizan and Cassandra Fedele show that the tradition was always wider than its famous men. Erasmus and Montaigne made kindness a principle, Voltaire turned it into responsibility, and Mann carried hope through the darkest decades of the last century.
You can practice it in small ways. Send someone who is grieving a few words that have helped others before them. Look for a point of view you would usually avoid, the way Erasmus urged travelers to see through other eyes. And when people tell you a problem cannot be helped, find the patch of ground that is yours to tend.
Bakewell expects that humanity will always produce a humanist reply to its troubles. The next one may well be yours.
About this book
What is this book about?
Many people feel that being good should not depend on a rulebook, but few could explain the tradition behind that feeling. Sarah Bakewell gives it a name and a history. Humanism, as she describes it, values human reason, dignity and creativity for their own sake and trusts conscience as a moral guide. It has never had a church or an official creed, so it is hard to define and easy to persecute. Instead of describing movements, Bakewell tells the story through lives. Two fourteenth-century Italians defied their fathers to pursue literature, and both lived through the Black Death. A widowed writer in France answered Boccaccio with a book about women's abilities. Erasmus turned the beatings he received at school into a belief in peace, and Montaigne invented the personal essay. Voltaire answered the Lisbon earthquake with Candide, and Thomas Mann broadcast hope to Germans living under Hitler. Readers get a clear history of an idea that shaped art, science and culture. They also see what each figure stood for: love of learning, a voice for those left out, kindness, responsibility and hope in dark times.
Book Information
Who it's for
Wanting ethics without dogma
Readers who want a moral compass without a fixed creed and want to know where that outlook comes from.
Into history and philosophy
History and philosophy lovers who enjoy ideas told through vivid lives.
Wanting hope and responsibility
Anyone looking for hope and a sense of responsibility when the news feels dark.
About the Author
Sarah Bakewell
Sarah Bakewell was born in Bournemouth, England, and grew up mostly in Sydney, Australia. She studied philosophy at the University of Essex and spent ten years as a curator at London's Wellcome Library, caring for early printed books. Her Montaigne book, How to Live, won the Duff Cooper Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography. At The Existentialist Café was named one of the New York Times' ten best books of 2016. She teaches creative writing at Kellogg College, Oxford.
Ratings & Reviews
Ratings at a glance
What people think
Listeners find the work highly educational and charming, with one listener mentioning it is packed with captivating short life stories. Furthermore, the prose is well-received, and listeners enjoy the narrative style, which one individual characterizes as a marvelous trek through 700 years of history. The text also provides an uplifting exploration of humanism, as one listener points out how thoroughly it covers the entire subject.
Top reviews
Finally got around to Sarah Bakewell’s latest, and it is every bit as delightful as her previous works. The book acts as a sweeping 700-year journey, weaving together the lives of figures like Petrarch and Erasmus into a cohesive narrative of hope. I found the mini-biographies particularly fascinating because they humanize thinkers who often feel like statues in a dusty hall. Bakewell’s prose is conversational yet deeply informed, making complex ethical shifts feel like a series of intimate dinner party anecdotes. It is an inspiring read that reminds us of our capacity for reason and kindness. Even if you think you know everything about the Renaissance or the Enlightenment, her perspective offers something fresh and profoundly moving.
Show moreWow. This book is a gold mine for anyone interested in the development of free thought and secular ethics. Bakewell explores the fuzzy concept of humanism by focusing on the people who lived it, which makes the philosophy feel alive. I loved the chapters on the 20th century, particularly the discussion on how humanism survives in the face of anti-humanist movements. It feels like an excellent graduate seminar, tying together disparate bits of information into a more or less coherent whole. The writing is smooth, breezy, and filled with a sense of genuine inquiry. Truly an inspiring look at what is humanly possible when we prioritize reason and empathy over dogma.
Show moreSarah Bakewell has a singular talent for making dense philosophical lineages feel like a series of intimate, vital conversations. This book is a thrilling work that highlights the lineage of freethinking and hope that has shaped our modern world. From the recovery of ancient Greek texts to the fight for civil rights, she shows how humanism is an active, evolving force. It’s a happy corrective to the cynicism often found in modern history books. I found myself frequently pausing to look up the works of the people she mentions, which is always the sign of a successful non-fiction book. Informative, delightful, and deeply necessary in our current political climate.
Show moreNot what I expected, but in the best way possible. This isn't just a history of a movement; it's a celebration of human potential and the messy, beautiful way we try to understand ourselves. Bakewell’s focus on the 'humanly possible' makes the heavy philosophy feel grounded in real life. I loved the quirky details about the thinkers' habits and their letters to friends. It makes them feel like real people rather than just names on a syllabus. If you enjoy intellectual history that doesn't take itself too seriously while still being profoundly educational, this is the book for you. It truly is a wonderful journey across seven centuries of thought.
Show moreAs someone who adored 'At the Existentialist Café,' I had high expectations for this exploration of humanism. To be fair, the scope is massive, covering everything from 14th-century Italy to modern-day secularism. Bakewell is a master storyteller who manages to make a 700-year timeline feel surprisingly accessible. I especially appreciated the inclusive approach, highlighting how humanism evolved to eventually embrace voices it once ignored. Some sections felt a bit like a Whiggish march of progress, and the 'big tent' definition of humanism occasionally gets a little woolly. However, the sheer density of interesting facts kept me turning the pages. It is a comprehensive and thoroughly informative volume for any history buff.
Show morePicked this up on a whim and was pleasantly surprised by how much I enjoyed the biographical format. Rather than a dry philosophical treatise, Bakewell gives us a wonderful journey through time using small, vivid snapshots of thinkers like Montaigne and Voltaire. Personally, I found the section on Thomas More and Erasmus to be the most compelling, even if the author is a bit too 'big tent' with her definitions. Does humanism really mean everything from liking books to fighting for human rights? Maybe not, but Bakewell makes a spirited case for it anyway. The book is light-hearted and breezy, a nice example of style meeting scholarship, though it does occasionally skirt over the darker contradictions of its heroes.
Show moreEver wonder how we transitioned from a God-centered worldview to one focused on human flourishing? Bakewell provides a methodical and splendidly explained history of that very shift. Her ability to synthesize 700 years of thought into a single volume is impressive, and the prose never feels heavy or academic. I did find some of the middle chapters a bit repetitive, as the 'humanist' patterns began to blur together. Still, the anecdotes are top-notch and perfect for anyone who wants to build up their stock of intellectual history. It's a thrill to see so many disparate thinkers linked together in such a meaningful way. A solid four stars for the sheer effort and storytelling.
Show moreThe truth is, this felt more like a standard Western Civ textbook than I had hoped. While Bakewell is undoubtedly a talented writer, the narrative often descends into a tedious account of who wrote which letter to whom and which books they collected. I was looking for new, practical insights into how to live, but instead, I got a lot of familiar anecdotes about David Hume and John Stuart Mill. Frankly, the concept of humanism presented here is so broad that it starts to lose its meaning by the halfway point. It’s a well-researched effort, but the endless details about the habits of 'spoiled rich guys' from the Renaissance made it hard to stay engaged. Not her best work.
Show morePersonally, I found this to be a classic case of a book where the whole is less than the sum of its parts. Individual chapters on figures like Bertrand Russell or Matthew Arnold are excellent, but the overarching narrative feels scattered. Bakewell admits early on that humanism is a vague term, and unfortunately, that vagueness persists throughout the entire 400+ pages. Is it a rejection of the supernatural, or is it just being 'nice to animals'? By trying to include everyone, from religious scholars to atheists, the core message gets diluted. To be fair, it is a smooth and conversational read, but I left feeling like I hadn't gained the deep understanding I was promised.
Show moreLook, I really wanted to like this, but it ended up being a bit of a slog. It confirmed my suspicion that humanism is often just a label for a certain class of people to boast about their eloquence. There were very few new or useful insights for me here; if you’ve read anything about the Enlightenment or the Renaissance, you already know the heavy hitters. The book is essentially an endless list of names and dates that lacks a strong, central argument. Bakewell tries to claim a heritage for humanism that feels retroactively forced onto thinkers who might not even recognize the term. It’s beautifully written, certainly, but the substance just wasn’t there for me.
Show moreQuestions about this book
What is Humanly Possible by Sarah Bakewell about?
It is a history of humanism told through the lives of key thinkers over seven hundred years: Petrarch, Boccaccio, Christine de Pizan, Erasmus, Montaigne, Voltaire and Thomas Mann. Bakewell describes humanism as a stance that values human reason, dignity and creativity without relying on religious belief. Because it has no church or creed, she follows the individuals who lived it, not any organized movement.
How does Sarah Bakewell define humanism?
For Bakewell, humanism means exploring and valuing what makes us human. Humanists practice freethinking: they ask questions, study, learn and preserve everything connected to humanity. They take hope from human achievements in technology, art and kindness. They also hold that moral behavior needs a conscience, not scripture, which is why conservative religious governments sometimes see the outlook as a threat.
Why does Voltaire's Candide matter in Humanly Possible?
Voltaire wrote Candide after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which killed around 70,000 people. The Church taught that everything happens for the good, and Candide shows that belief collapsing under one disaster after another. Candide comes to see it as an excuse that frees people from any duty to improve the world. The novel’s closing image of tending one’s own garden stands for each person doing their share.
Who should read Humanly Possible?
It suits readers who live by conscience rather than a fixed creed and want the history behind that choice. It also suits anyone who enjoys learning ideas through vivid lives, from a widow writing to support her family to a novelist broadcasting against Hitler. Readers looking for reasons to stay hopeful in hard times will find several examples to draw on.
How can I apply the ideas in Humanly Possible?
Each figure suggests a habit. Like Petrarch, offer grieving friends both sympathy and wisdom from the past. Like Erasmus, seek out people and views unlike your own. Like Voltaire, refuse to accept a problem as fate and focus on the part you can fix. Like Thomas Mann, speak up when silence would be easier, and hold on to hope.
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