A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind
Michael Axworthy
The story of the Black women mathematicians at Langley who, despite segregation and sexism, did the calculations behind America's wartime aircraft and early space flights, and who changed their workplace from inside.

1 min 09 sec
Most people picture the space race as astronauts’ work, yet the person John Glenn asked to check his orbit was a Black woman named Katherine Johnson. In Hidden Figures, Margot Lee Shetterly tells how Johnson and other Black women, hired as human computers at an aviation lab in Hampton, Virginia, did math that America’s warplanes and spacecraft depended on. Shetterly grew up in that town among Black adults with whole careers in science and engineering, so their presence never seemed strange to her. The rest of the country still sees it that way: Black people made up only 1 percent of American engineers in 1970, and the figure had edged up to just 2 percent by 1984.
Her account runs from a wartime opening, through separate dining tables and blocked promotions, to the launch pad. Its thread is plain. These women were shut out of the credit, and the work could not have been done without them. Their story also shows how outsiders change a workplace from inside, with tactics anyone underestimated at work can still use.
2 min 24 sec
In the early 1940s, a lab job sat on no rung of the career ladder open to Black women. Two very different forces, one in the streets and one overseas, changed that within a few years.
1 min 41 sec
White colleagues got a dormitory and a private bus. The Black women hired beside them got something very different, and the full price of saying yes started long before they reached their desks.
1 min 36 sec
One mathematician fought a humiliating rule with nothing but her purse and her patience. Another refused a long walk across campus. Their methods were modest, and they worked better than anyone expected.
1 min 57 sec
Men with less education kept moving up while skilled women stayed put. The reasons were rarely written down, and one engineer discovered that simply asking about them could change her entire career.
1 min 44 sec
While these women checked equations where one error could kill a pilot, their state’s leaders were closing schools to block integration. Shetterly shows what it meant to do exact work in that climate.
1 min 30 sec
Before climbing onto his rocket, an astronaut made an unusual personal request about who should check the numbers. Seven years later he made it again, and the answer says a lot about how trust is built.
1 min 16 sec
Neil Armstrong walked on the moon, but part of the path there was worked out by hand, by women who were told where they could eat lunch. Shetterly’s book adds up to a correction of the record. Popular history leaves women out of science and engineering, and leaves Black women out most of all, yet the West Computers were part of the twentieth century’s landmark achievements, from wartime aircraft to Apollo 11. They came in through a door that protest and war forced open, then kept widening it from inside: a sign slipped into a purse, a bathroom down the hall, a meeting finally entered, a direct question to a division chief.
Their story holds lessons for an ordinary working week. If you hand out mentoring, lunches or after-hours advice, look at who receives it, because Langley shows informal favor deciding formal promotion. If you are passed over, ask the person who decides why, in plain words, as Christine Darden did. And when an unfair rule is petty but persistent, outlast it the way Miriam Mann outlasted the signs.
Above all, look past the famous name to the people who made the result possible. John Glenn did, twice, and both times the numbers he asked for were right.
Neil Armstrong did not reach the moon alone, and many of the people behind him barely appear in history books. Margot Lee Shetterly grew up in Hampton, Virginia, among Black adults who had spent their careers in science and engineering, and she sets out to tell their story. Beginning in the 1940s, protest and the demands of World War II pushed Langley, the research center of NACA and later NASA, to hire Black women as human computers. They worked in a separate section called the West Computers. They ate at a marked table, commuted on segregated buses and watched less qualified men win promotions. Shetterly follows Miriam Mann, Dorothy Vaughan, Christine Darden and Katherine Johnson as they pushed back, rose and did calculations that made aircraft safer and sent an astronaut into orbit. Readers get the space race told from the desks where its math was done, set against Virginia's bitter fight over school integration. They also get a clear picture of how persistence, skill and direct requests changed a workplace that was built to hold these women back.
Readers who know the astronauts' names and want to meet the mathematicians who checked their flights.
Women and people of color passed over at work who want real models for pushing back.
Managers and mentors who want to see how informal favoritism decides who gets promoted.
Margot Lee Shetterly was born in 1969 and raised in Hampton, Virginia, where she met many of the women she writes about. She has worked in investment banking and media startups, and with her husband she founded and published Inside Mexico, a magazine for English-speaking readers, during several years in Mexico. Hidden Figures, published in 2016, was her first book; she sold the film rights while still writing it. She has received a research grant from the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and is a fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Listeners find this work flows like a novel and is beautifully crafted, with one listener likening the prose to Laura Hillenbrand's style. Furthermore, the narrative is both engaging and educational; one listener specifically points out the depth of the technical background details. The book also includes numerous facts omitted from the film version, offering a much more thorough account. Listeners value its historical significance, with one noting how it opened a new page in history, and consider it moving, with one mentioning how it motivates readers to pursue their goals.
After hearing so much buzz about the film, I finally dove into the source material, and frankly, it’s a masterclass in narrative non-fiction. Shetterly captures the era with a precision reminiscent of Laura Hillenbrand, weaving individual lives into the broader tapestry of the Space Race and the Civil Rights movement. While some might find the technical descriptions of aerodynamics a bit dense, I felt they added much-needed weight to the women’s achievements. These weren't just 'feel-good' stories; they were calculated, hard-won victories in a world that refused to see them. This book fills in the gaps left by the Hollywood adaptation, offering a much more comprehensive look at the 'West Computers' and the institutional barriers they dismantled. It’s an essential, inspiring piece of American history that shouldn't have stayed hidden for so long.
Show moreThe chapter on John Glenn’s flight alone is worth the price of admission. Many people know the basic plot from the film, but reading the actual math and the transitive property of trust involved is a totally different experience. Shetterly does a brilliant job of contextualizing the Cold War pressure and how it inadvertently forced NASA to become more meritocratic. It’s a dense read, sure, but the information provided opens a new page in history that was intentionally left blank for far too long. I was particularly struck by how these women balanced their extraordinary professional lives with the mundane, often humiliating realities of a segregated South. This isn't just a book about math; it's a book about the resilience of the human spirit. Every student in America should have this on their required reading list.
Show moreLook, I'm not usually a non-fiction person, but this story is so compelling that I couldn't put it down. Shetterly has a way of making the struggle for civil rights feel urgent and personal by tying it to the literal stars. These 'sheroes' faced double the obstacles, fighting both the patriarchy and institutional racism, and they did it with incredible grace. The book fills in so many details that the movie had to skip, particularly regarding the later careers of women like Christine Darden. It’s a masterfully told story that motivates you to pursue your own goals regardless of the hurdles in your way. I felt a sense of pride reading about their brilliance and a deep sense of shame for how long it took to tell their story. This is essential reading for anyone who loves a true underdog tale.
Show moreAs someone who loves both history and science, this book was a dream come true. Shetterly’s research is nothing short of exhaustive, and she presents it with a level of care that ensures these women will never be forgotten again. The comparison to Hillenbrand is apt; there’s a cinematic quality to the descriptions of Langley and the high-stakes calculations. I especially appreciated the focus on Dorothy Vaughan’s leadership and how she saw the transition to electronic computers as an opportunity rather than a threat. This book is much more than a movie tie-in; it’s a comprehensive study of how talent can thrive even under the most oppressive conditions. It’s deeply inspiring and reminds us that progress is often built on the backs of those who are least visible. A truly wonderful, life-changing read.
Show moreWow. I grew up thinking the Space Race was a monochromatic affair, but this book completely shattered that illusion with its meticulously researched history. The level of detail regarding the transition from 'human computers' to IBM machines was fascinating, providing a technical backdrop that the movie lacked. Personally, I appreciated how Shetterly didn't shy away from the gritty realities of Jim Crow laws and how they functioned within a federal agency. My only real gripe is that the middle sections felt a bit circular, almost like the author was trying to include every single name she found in the archives. Despite the occasional dry patch, the story of these women’s chutzpah is enough to keep any reader engaged. It’s a powerful reminder of how much talent a nation loses when it chooses prejudice over merit.
Show moreEver wonder how we actually got to the moon without modern laptops? This book provides a deeply informative look into the lives of the black women who served as the brains behind the early space program. I loved the technical depth, though I'll admit some of the aerodynamics talk went right over my head. The author manages to make the 'human computer' era feel alive, even if the pacing occasionally stutters during the more biographical segments. While it isn't always as fast-paced as a novel, the historical value is immense and the inspiration is real. It’s frustrating to think these contributions were ignored for so many years. Overall, it’s a solid, heavy-hitting read that requires focus but pays off in a big way for anyone interested in science or social justice.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this after seeing it on every 'must-read' list for three years. It’s a fascinating, complex look at a pivotal moment in US history where science and social change intersected. The way the author handles the 'Hidden Figures' metaphor—referring to both the math and the people—is quite clever and effective. I enjoyed learning about the 'Negro Colleges' and how they prepared these women for roles that didn't even exist yet. Occasionally, the sheer number of names and dates became overwhelming, making it hard to track individual character arcs. However, the overall impact is one of awe and respect for the sheer brainpower these women brought to the table. It’s a dense, informative book that rewards the patient reader with a much deeper understanding of the Space Race.
Show moreIs this story important? Absolutely. But the truth is, the execution left me feeling a bit cold and disconnected from the central figures. Shetterly’s research is undeniably impressive, yet the prose often reads like a clinical report rather than a vibrant narrative. I struggled to keep the individual journeys of Dorothy, Katherine, and Mary separate because the author frequently jumps between timelines and technical jargon without much transition. It felt repetitive at times, hitting the same thematic notes on segregation until the impact started to dull. I wanted to be moved by their personal struggles, but the writing felt too distant and occasionally bogged down by sentimentality. It’s a valuable historical document, but not necessarily a page-turner for those looking for a character-driven experience.
Show moreNot what I expected, to be honest. While the subject matter is clearly five-star material, the actual reading experience was a bit of a slog due to the repetitive nature of the anecdotes. I found myself skimming through several chapters that seemed to repeat the same points about the difficulties of finding 'colored' bathrooms. We get it, the segregation was awful, but the narrative didn't need to circle back to it quite so often at the expense of character development. The women often felt more like symbols than real people, which is a shame because their actual lives were clearly fascinating. It’s a good reference book for the history, but it lacks the narrative drive I was hoping for. I’d recommend it for the facts, but maybe keep your expectations in check regarding the 'novel-like' flow people keep mentioning.
Show morePicked this up with high hopes, but I'm going to be the lone dissenter and say the writing style was just too grating for me to enjoy. To be fair, the research is top-notch, and the women themselves are legends, but Shetterly’s prose is often schmaltzy and emotionally manipulative. There were moments where she described facial expressions or internal thoughts of people decades ago that felt purely invented for dramatic effect. This kind of 'creative' non-fiction always pulls me out of the moment, especially when the facts are already so compelling on their own. The narrative structure is a mess, zigzagging through decades and a cast of hundreds until everything becomes a muddled blur. If you want the story, stick to the movie; it’s much more focused and captures the emotional core without the tedious, repetitive filler found here.
Show moreIt tells the story of the Black women mathematicians hired as human computers at Langley, the research center of NACA and later NASA, in Hampton, Virginia. From the 1940s, war and civil rights pressure opened the job to them, but they worked in a segregated section called the West Computers. Shetterly shows how their calculations shaped wartime aircraft and the space race, including John Glenn’s 1962 orbit and Apollo 11.
A former teacher who became a computer at Langley and joined its flight research division. She would not trek across campus to the bathroom designated for Black staff, gained admission to editorial meetings that had been closed to her, and was the first woman in her division to author a report on her own, which covered orbital flight. John Glenn asked her personally to check his numbers in 1962 and again for Apollo 11.
They were the Black women Langley began hiring in the 1940s to perform calculations by hand. The name came from their offices on the west side of the campus, apart from white employees. Shetterly estimates about seventy Black women worked as computers between 1943 and 1980. They faced separate tables, bathrooms and offices, distant housing and blocked promotions, yet their results helped make aircraft faster and safer.
The book shows informal mentoring, such as lunches and after-hours drinks with senior engineers, deciding who got promoted, so leaders can check who receives that attention. Christine Darden’s example shows the value of asking a decision maker directly why you were passed over. Miriam Mann’s habit of removing a segregation sign until nobody replaced it shows how steady persistence can outlast an unfair rule.
Michael Axworthy
Johny Pitts
Tom Standage
Ishmael Beah
bell hooks
William J. Bernstein
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Get the key ideas from Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.
