Enshittification: Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What to Do About It
Explains why search engines, social networks, online shops and gig apps all seem to get worse at the same time. It names the forces that could make them serve users again, from antitrust and unions to interoperability rules.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
1 min 02 sec
If your search engine now buries the answer under ads and your social feed feels like a stranger’s, you are not imagining it, and it is no accident. In Enshittification, blogger, activist and science fiction author Cory Doctorow argues that platforms decay on a schedule. First they are good to users. Then they squeeze users to please business customers, and finally they squeeze those businesses for shareholders.
Doctorow treats this as a disease with a specific cause. Four forces once kept companies in line: competition, regulation, users’ freedom to fix things themselves, and the tech workers who built the products. All four were taken apart, and putting them back is the cure.
Follow his argument and the small daily irritations of search, shopping and gig apps become a pattern you can name. Each one leads back to a choice someone made, and Doctorow ends with the rules that could undo those choices.
2. Spot the four stages of platform decay
2 min 03 sec
A social network once built a tool to help you escape its rival, painlessly. Years later, publishers were paying it just to reach their own readers. The path between those two moments repeats almost everywhere.
3. Spot how your search results were made worse
2 min 13 sec
For decades, companies wanted to cut quality and raise prices but mostly did not dare. Something used to frighten them. Doctorow traces when that fear disappeared, and what a sidelined search chief reveals about it.
4. Learn how hidden knobs set your pay and prices
1 min 58 sec
Two drivers can see the same ride request and be offered different money for it. The difference depends on what the app has learned about each of them, and the lesson reaches far beyond taxis.
5. Know when fixing your own device becomes a crime
2 min 17 sec
Refilling a printer cartridge sounds harmless. Under one copyright law it can be treated almost like a break-in. A teenager’s work on messaging shows how far a company will go to keep that lock in place.
6. See how mass layoffs made your apps worse
2 min 03 sec
In 2018, tens of thousands of Google staff walked out and won, pushing management to drop both projects and end its arbitration policies. Within a few years the industry’s response had arrived, and Doctorow argues it removed the last brake on decline.
7. Two simple rules that could reverse the decay
1 min 50 sec
Most tech reforms drown in complexity and lawyers. Doctorow proposes rules short enough to check at a glance, and one of them borrows the very trick Facebook once used to grow.
8. Conclusion
1 min 26 sec
Doctorow’s book turns a vague feeling that the internet got worse into a chain of cause and effect. Your cluttered feed, your padded search results and your delivery driver’s shrinking pay are one story told on different screens. Platforms were always tempted to squeeze. For a long time rivals, regulators, tinkering users and proud engineers held that temptation back. A new antitrust theory, a 1998 copyright law and a wave of layoffs removed those checks one by one, and twiddling did the rest.
That framing changes what you notice. When a service fills your view with paid content, place it on the four-stage cycle and expect more of the same rather than a fix. When an app sets your pay or your price, assume the number is personal and compare it with what others see. When a device blocks a repair or a platform makes leaving painful, recognize the lock as a choice someone made and then backed with law. And when a politician or a company proposes a reform, ask whether it restores competition, workers’ power, or the user’s right to leave and to get what they asked for.
Doctorow warns that without these repairs, extraction stops being a phase and becomes the permanent model. What policy took apart, policy can rebuild.
About this book
What is this book about?
Search results buried under ads, social feeds full of posts nobody asked for, delivery drivers on impossible quotas. Cory Doctorow argues that these are not separate annoyances. They are one process, and it follows a predictable path: platforms are good to users, then squeeze users to please business customers, then squeeze those businesses for shareholders until only a shell is left. His explanation is about policy rather than bad luck. For decades, four forces held companies back: competition, regulation, users' ability to modify what they own, and engineers who refused to break their own products. Doctorow traces how a change in antitrust thinking, a 1998 copyright law and a wave of tech layoffs removed those checks one by one. He walks through cases including Facebook's treatment of publishers, Google's pay-for-default deals, Uber's personalized wages and Apple's fight against Beeper Mini. Readers get a clear model for spotting decay in the services they use every day. They also get a concrete reform agenda: stronger antitrust, unions, and simple rules such as a Right to Exit and an End-to-End Principle that would force platforms to deliver what users actually ask for.
Book Information
Who it's for
Professionals frustrated by platforms
Professionals frustrated by worsening search, social feeds and online shops who want to understand why.
Platform-dependent founders and sellers
Founders and sellers who depend on Amazon, Google or Facebook and feel the platform's grip tightening.
Looking for concrete reforms
Gig workers, tech staff and policy-minded readers looking for concrete reforms rather than complaints.
About the Author
Cory Doctorow
Cory Doctorow, born in Toronto in 1971, is a blogger, journalist and science fiction author. He spent more than twenty years at the Electronic Frontier Foundation working on digital human rights, co-founded the UK Open Rights Group and was co-editor of Boing Boing. He writes the daily newsletter Pluralistic.net. His other nonfiction includes Chokepoint Capitalism and The Internet Con, and his novels include Little Brother and Walkaway. He joined the Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2020.
Ratings & Reviews
Ratings at a glance
What people think
Listeners find this investigation into the tech sector's deterioration to be a compelling and pressing examination of how big platforms favor financial gain above their users. Although perspectives differ regarding the repetitive tempo of the narrative, listeners value the deeply researched examples illustrating the downfall of tech titans such as Amazon and Meta. Additionally, the author's humorous and approachable prose transforms a dense subject into an absorbing experience. They also highlight the worth of the proposed "cures" for the digital world, with one listener remarking that the work is "essential reading" for understanding the modern business landscape.
Top reviews
This book is essentially a post-mortem for the open web we used to love, and it is absolutely essential reading for the current year. Doctorow manages to explain the death of the internet in a way that is both intellectually rigorous and deeply emotional. I was especially struck by the argument that we aren't just 'users,' but people being held hostage by our need to stay connected to one another. The analysis of how Amazon uses its monopoly to tax the entire internet was a revelation that changed how I shop. Even though the topic is heavy, the author’s wit keeps things moving at a brisk pace that never feels like a textbook. It filled me with rage, but it also offered a glimmer of hope through the concept of interoperability. Every person who uses a computer should have a copy of this on their shelf to understand the landscape we are navigating.
Show moreTruth is, I wasn't expecting a book about tech economics to be this much of a page-turner, but I couldn't put it down. Doctorow perfectly captures that feeling of 'something is wrong' that we all have when using our phones lately and gives it a clear, scientific name. The examples he uses, from the decline of Google Search to the predatory nature of Uber, are well-researched and presented with a biting sense of humor. I really appreciated that he didn't just complain about the problem but actually spent time discussing how we can fight back through regulation and technology. Some might find his style a bit aggressive, but given the state of the world, I think a little aggression is entirely justified. This is easily one of the most important books I’ve read in years. It’s a brilliant, scathing, and ultimately hopeful manifesto for a better digital future.
Show moreNot what I expected, but exactly what I needed to read to understand why everything online feels so broken and predatory right now. Doctorow exposes the tech oligarchs for exactly what they are: rent-seekers who have stopped innovating and started harvesting. The way he describes platforms as a giant pile of shit at the end of their life cycle is as accurate as it is visceral. I particularly loved the 'cures' section, even if it feels like a steep uphill battle against billion-dollar corporations and their lobbyists. The book is short enough to read in a weekend but contains enough information to change your entire perspective on the apps you use every day. It’s a wake-up call for the digital age that avoids being overly technical or dry. If you want to know how we got into this mess and how we might get out, look no further.
Show moreAfter hearing Doctorow on a podcast, I knew I had to dive into the full text of his 'Enshittification' theory, and it did not disappoint. He has a remarkable ability to explain how the drive for infinite growth eventually kills the very things that made a service valuable in the first place. The book is filled with 'aha!' moments that connect the dots between seemingly unrelated frustrations in our digital lives. I especially appreciated his focus on how these companies prey on our social bonds to keep us trapped in their ecosystems. While the tone is certainly snarky, it serves to highlight the absurdity of the situation we've allowed ourselves to get into. It is a fast, engaging read that manages to be both a history lesson and a call to action. I’ve already recommended this to five people because we all need to start pushing back against this decay together.
Show moreEver wonder why every app you use eventually turns into a frustrating mess of ads and paywalls? This book provides the definitive answer by tracing the life cycle of platforms from user-friendly tools to shareholder-driven nightmares. The way Doctorow explains the 'Darth Vader University' mentality of tech CEOs is both hilarious and deeply depressing. I particularly enjoyed the sections on how Amazon’s price hikes actually drive up costs for items even when you buy them elsewhere. It is a very serious look at the death of competition, yet the writing remains accessible enough for a casual reader to follow along. My only real gripe is that the 'cures' section felt a bit optimistic compared to the overwhelming evidence of decay presented earlier. Still, it is a timely wake-up call that everyone with a smartphone needs to read before the next wave of platforms dissolves into uselessness.
Show moreDoctorow has a gift for taking complex economic theories and turning them into something that makes your blood boil with righteous anger. The chapter on the pathology of tech giants is worth the price of admission alone because it names the specific tactics used to exploit our basic human desire for community. I was fascinated by the history of how we moved from a chronological, open web to these gated silos that treat users like a product to be harvested. While the author’s prose can be a bit 'online' and sassy at times, the underlying research into antitrust law and interoperability is incredibly robust. I did find a few sections where the exact same anecdotes were repeated almost verbatim, which suggests the assembly of the book was a bit rushed. Despite that, the message is too urgent to ignore. It is a chilling account of how greed ruins everything we once liked about the digital world.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this after seeing the term 'enshittification' all over my social media feeds lately. It’s an eye-opening analysis that goes way beyond the buzzword to explain the actual mechanisms of corporate decline in the 21st century. I loved the breakdown of how platforms first lure us in with great service before pivotally betraying us for the sake of advertisers and then finally for their own bottom line. The writing style is witty and fast-paced, though I can see why some might find the 'blog-speak' a little repetitive after a while. Personally, I found the case studies on streaming services and the gig economy to be the most compelling parts of the narrative. It really highlights how our governments have failed to protect us from these tech oligarchs. If you’re feeling a sense of despair about the state of the internet, this book will at least give you the vocabulary to describe why.
Show moreThe structure of this book is actually quite clever, dividing the decline of the internet into stages like a spreading disease. I found the section on 'epidemiology' particularly enlightening because it shows how this isn't just a tech problem, but a failure of modern capitalism as a whole. Doctorow’s prose is punchy and direct, making a dense topic feel like a conversation with a very smart, very angry friend at a bar. I learned a lot about how 'lock-in' works and why it is so hard to just leave platforms like Twitter or Amazon even when we hate them. There were moments where the repetition became a bit much, especially regarding the history of Microsoft, but the overall impact remains strong. It’s a necessary read for anyone who wants to understand the forces shaping our daily lives and our increasingly fragile digital economy.
Show moreAs someone who remembers the 'old' internet when Facebook status updates were mandatory sentences, this was a nostalgic but ultimately frustrating trip down memory lane. Doctorow is clearly brilliant and his analysis of the 'Enshittocene' is spot on, especially when he discusses how we are trapped by our own social circles. However, the book struggles with a massive pacing issue in the second half where the technical details start to blur together. I appreciated the case studies on Uber and Meta, though I felt like the author kept calling back to them so often that it felt like dejà vu. To be fair, the information is essential for anyone trying to understand why their favorite apps now feel like digital shopping malls. I just wish it weren't so repetitive in its phrasing. It is a solid 3.5-star read that would have been a perfect 5-star long-form essay if it were a hundred pages shorter.
Show moreLook, I really wanted to love this because the concept is so vital to our current digital hellscape, but the execution falls flat. The truth is that this reads exactly like a collection of loosely edited blog posts rather than a cohesive, structured book. Doctorow’s snarky tone is fun for a five-minute read on a screen, yet it becomes incredibly grating over several hundred pages. I found myself zoning out during the copious filler material that seemed to repeat the same three points about platform decay. While the breakdown of how companies like Amazon squeeze both sellers and buyers is intellectually sound, the writing style is just too repetitive for me. Frankly, if you have followed his work online for the last two years, you have already read ninety percent of what is in here. It is an important message buried under an annoying, self-indulgent delivery that desperately needed a more aggressive editor to trim the fat.
Show moreQuestions about this book
What is the main idea of Enshittification by Cory Doctorow?
Doctorow argues that digital platforms decay in a predictable cycle. They start by being good to users, then exploit users to serve business customers, then exploit those businesses for shareholders. This became possible because four restraints were dismantled: competition, regulation, users’ ability to fix products themselves, and the power of tech workers. His cure is to restore all four.
What does twiddling mean in Enshittification?
Twiddling is Doctorow’s term for the constant, invisible adjustment of a platform’s prices, rankings and recommendations to move value toward the platform. His example is Uber’s algorithmic wage discrimination: the app offers each driver a different wage for the same job, raising offers to selective pickers and pushing pay down for ants, the drivers who accept every job.
Why does Doctorow blame the DMCA for worse technology?
The 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act makes it a felony to bypass a digital lock on copyrighted code. Companies embed small pieces of code in printer cartridges, tractors and phones, then lock them, so refilling ink, fitting independent parts or installing rival apps becomes illegal. Doctorow calls this felony contempt of business model, and cites Apple’s campaign against Beeper Mini.
What solutions does Enshittification propose?
Doctorow calls for strong antitrust enforcement, unions for tech workers and simple, easily enforced rules. A Right to Exit would make platforms like Facebook interoperable, so users could leave without losing contact with friends. An End-to-End Principle would require middlemen to deliver what users ask for, banning paid substitutes in search results and ads replacing friends’ posts.
Who should read Enshittification?
It suits anyone who has noticed search, social media or online shopping getting worse and wants a clear explanation. Sellers and publishers who depend on big platforms will recognize the squeeze Doctorow describes. Gig workers, tech employees and readers interested in policy will find a specific agenda built on antitrust, labor power, repair rights and interoperability.
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