Autonomy: The Quest to Build the Driverless Car – And How It Will Reshape Our World
A former head of research at General Motors explains how driverless cars went from failed desert races to a working technology, and why shared robot vehicles could end car ownership and remake cities and jobs.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
1 min 05 sec
If you drive to work, you probably treat traffic, parking and fuel bills as the normal price of modern life. In Autonomy, Lawrence D. Burns, who led research and planning at General Motors, argues that the price is far higher than it looks: under 30 percent of the energy in a car’s gasoline actually moves it, and the typical car stands unused 95 percent of the time.
Burns believes we no longer have to accept that waste. A scattered group of frustrated dreamers, desert robot builders and engineers from both Detroit and Silicon Valley has made shared, driverless, clean vehicles possible, and he expects them to change who owns cars, which companies survive and what our streets look like.
Along the way you will meet a robot museum guide named Minerva, a Humvee that broke down in the Mojave and a teardown that showed a GM chief the end of his industry. The reward is a sharper eye for technology shifts before they arrive, in transport and in your own field.
2. See how much your car really wastes
1 min 50 sec
Your car feels like a hard-working machine. Run the numbers on fuel, weight, seats and parking, though, and a very different picture appears, one that makes the case for change almost by itself.
3. Turn a daily frustration into a bigger idea
1 min 51 sec
A shivering student at a bus stop and an executive watching a disaster unfold on a hotel screen seem to have nothing in common. Both reached the same uncomfortable conclusion about the way we move.
4. See how a failed desert race pushed robots forward
1 min 59 sec
The first big driverless race was a letdown. One robot tipped over, another hit a concrete barrier, and favorite Sandstorm managed only 7.3 miles. Yet the organizers’ response turned an embarrassing day into the starting gun for a whole industry.
5. Teach machines to pause when they are unsure
1 min 54 sec
A frowning robot that wandered a museum at night ended up shaping how driverless cars stay safe. Its key skill was not knowing everything, but something far more modest and far more useful.
6. Learn what old and new rivals each bring
1 min 56 sec
In 2011 a carmaker’s TV advert mocked the idea of a search company building cars. The joke reveals a split between two cultures, and why the future needed both sides of it.
7. Count the parts to see an industry's future
2 min 00 sec
Three cars lay in pieces on a warehouse floor. One had far fewer pieces than the others, and that single difference told a GM executive which companies and jobs were about to disappear.
8. A city without traffic jams or parking lots
1 min 55 sec
Imagine a family commute where nobody drives, nobody gets carsick and the old parking lot is now a cafe. Burns sketches that world, along with the people who stand to lose from it.
9. Conclusion
1 min 15 sec
Autonomy is finally a book about how waste becomes intolerable once someone can picture the alternative. A cold student at a bus stop, an executive watching an attack on a hotel screen, a robot that died in the desert after 7.3 miles: each turned frustration into progress, until a nearly bare electric chassis showed GM’s leaders that their industry’s old shape was ending. Burns calls our present car habits a kind of madness, dangerous, inefficient and harmful to the planet, and he expects the replacement to give people more time and freedom at lower cost, with a smaller environmental footprint.
You do not have to wait for 2031 to act on it. His most direct advice is to make fewer car trips now: take the bus, train or tram from the suburbs into the city or from the airport downtown, and then press your government for better public transport. When you weigh a job, a home or an investment, ask what happens to it if ownership gives way to shared fleets.
And the next time you walk past a parking lot, try seeing it the way Burns does: as land waiting to become a park.
About this book
What is this book about?
The modern car is everywhere, and Lawrence D. Burns argues that it is also deeply wasteful. Most of the energy in its fuel never moves it forward, most of its seats ride empty, and it sits parked almost all the time while cities pave over land to store it. Burns ran research and planning at General Motors and later advised Google's self-driving project, so he saw the alternative being built from both sides. Autonomy tells that story. It follows Larry Page's frozen bus stop dreams, a military robot race in the Mojave Desert where every vehicle failed, a museum guide robot whose software helped win the next race, and a warehouse teardown that showed GM's leaders their industry's old structure was ending. Along the way it explains why Detroit's hardware culture and Silicon Valley's software culture both mattered. Burns then looks ahead to a world where people call a shared, electric, self-driving car by app instead of owning one. He describes cheaper freight, threatened driving jobs, carmakers turned fleet operators and streets where parking lots become parks. Readers get a clear account of how a technology shift happens and what it could change in their own work and city.
Book Information
Who it's for
Transport and planning professionals
Professionals in cars, logistics or urban planning who want to know what driverless vehicles will change.
Strategists and founders
Founders and strategists looking for a clear case study of software overturning a hardware industry.
Frustrated commuters
Commuters tired of traffic and parking who wonder what the alternative could look like.
About the Author
Lawrence D. Burns
Lawrence D. Burns, known as Larry, was corporate vice president of research and development and planning at General Motors from 1998 to 2009, responsible for advanced technology, product and capacity planning, and strategy. He later became a professor of engineering practice at the University of Michigan and advised the Google self-driving car project that became Waymo. He holds a Ph.D. in civil engineering from UC Berkeley, belongs to the US National Academy of Engineering and co-wrote Reinventing the Automobile.
Ratings & Reviews
Ratings at a glance
What people think
Listeners find the book thoroughly fascinating and accessible, offering in-depth details about autonomous vehicles and their historical background. Furthermore, the narrative is quite gripping, with one listener remarking that it unfolds like an adventure story. The book also presents a compelling look at self-driving technology, with one review specifically noting the way it covers the DARPA self-driving challenge. Nevertheless, the prose and the level of insight provided draw varied opinions from listeners.
Top reviews
Ever wonder how we actually got to the point where cars can drive themselves? Burns delivers a narrative that feels more like a high-stakes adventure than a dry business text, tracing the journey from the dusty DARPA races to the sleek tech offices of Mountain View. I was particularly gripped by the stories of the early Stanford and Carnegie Mellon teams. It’s fascinating to see how the 'Chauffeur' project evolved under the radar. While some parts dive deep into corporate strategy, the human drama behind the engineering hurdles kept me turning pages. This isn't just about robots; it's about the visionaries who refused to listen to the skeptics in Detroit. If you want to understand the future of mobility, this is the definitive account of the movement.
Show moreWow. This book completely changed how I view my daily commute. Burns makes a passionate case for why the 'personal car' model is dying, citing the staggering 1.3 million global roadway fatalities as a primary reason for change. The statistics about how much energy is wasted just to move a single driver are eye-opening. I loved reading about the rivalry between Sebastian Thrun and Chris Urmson; it added a personal dimension to the technical milestones. The vision of an on-demand, 20-cent-per-mile taxi service sounds like a dream. It’s rare to find a book that manages to be this informative while still maintaining the pace of a thriller. Truly excellent work for anyone curious about the intersection of AI and daily life.
Show moreThe chapter on the 2007 Urban Challenge is worth the price of the book alone. You can practically feel the tension as those massive trucks navigate mock city streets autonomously. Burns captures the sheer audacity of those early engineers who were patching code on the fly during trials on El Camino Real. It’s an inspiring look at how a few 'frikis' managed to disrupt a century-old industry. This isn't just a book about cars; it’s about the intersection of AI, policy, and human perseverance. I found the arguments for environmental benefits and the reduction of 'asphalt heat islands' particularly compelling. A must-read for anyone in the tech space who wants to see how the sausage is made.
Show moreAs someone who has followed the tech industry for years, I found this insider look at the birth of Waymo absolutely indispensable. Lawrence Burns bridges the massive cultural gap between the old-school automotive world of Detroit and the disruptive energy of Silicon Valley. To be fair, the prose can be a bit workmanlike at times, but the sheer volume of firsthand information makes up for any lack of literary flair. He doesn't shy away from the friction between GM's traditional models and Google's radical approach to autonomous transport. The details about the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge provided a great foundation for everything that followed. It's a solid four-star read for anyone interested in how AI is fundamentally reshaping our infrastructure and the way we move.
Show moreNot what I expected, but in a good way. I thought this would be a dry technical manual, but it’s actually a compelling history of a revolution. The chapter on the Big Sur trial was a highlight—imagining those early prototypes navigating cliffs is terrifying! Burns explains the 'drive by wire' transition in a way that makes sense even if you aren't a mechanic. It's wild to think how much the industry laughed at Google in the beginning, only to be left scrambling a few years later. My only gripe is that the book drags slightly when discussing specific business deals and consulting reports. Still, it’s a vital read for understanding why our roads are about to look very different in the next decade.
Show moreAfter hearing so much about Tesla's Autopilot, I wanted to see the other side of the story. Burns provides a sobering look at why Google took such a different, more cautious path compared to Elon Musk's approach. The anecdote about the test driver falling asleep for nearly half an hour at 60 mph is a chilling reminder of why 'Level 3' autonomy is so dangerous. The book does a great job explaining the importance of Lidar and mapping without getting bogged down in incomprehensible jargon. Truth is, the middle sections regarding GM’s internal politics got a little sluggish for my taste. However, the overall historical context of the Urban Challenge makes it worth the investment for any tech enthusiast.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this, and the timeline of events is masterfully handled. Starting with the 2004 DARPA race was a smart move—it sets the stakes immediately. You really get a sense of the 'cowboy' era of self-driving tech before the big money moved in. I appreciated the specific mentions of the 2011 Chrysler commercials mocking the concept; it shows just how much the narrative has shifted in less than a decade. The author's personal journey from Detroit to Silicon Valley adds a layer of credibility that a standard journalist might lack. It’s a long read, and some sections feel like a victory lap for the author, but the insights into the inner workings of Waymo are unparalleled.
Show moreLook, if you can get past the occasional corporate jargon and the author’s tendency to reminisce about his GM days, there is a brilliant story here. The transition from the 'Chauffeur' project to Waymo is the core of the book, and it’s told with the authority of someone who was actually in the room. I enjoyed the bits about the software learning to distinguish between a cyclist and a person carrying a large canvas. Those are the kinds of details that show just how complex this 'quest' really is. The book is definitely anti-gasoline, which might ruffle some feathers, but his data on safety is hard to argue with. A solid, thought-provoking read that stays relevant long after you finish it.
Show morePicked this up hoping for a deep dive into the software, but it felt more like a memoir of corporate consulting. Frankly, the author spends a lot of time patting himself on the back for his role at GM and his later advisory work. There is definitely good information here regarding the DARPA years and the transition to Google, but you have to wade through a lot of fluff to find it. The writing is just adequate; it often repeats the same points about how inefficient personal car ownership is. I agree with his vision of a safer, electric future, but the book could have used a much tighter edit to remove the repetitive 'yada yada' about parking lots and fuel efficiency. It’s okay, but a bit dry for my taste.
Show moreThis book is a bit of a mixed bag for me. On one hand, the history of the Carnegie Mellon robotics lab is fascinating and well-documented. On the other hand, the author's tone can be quite dismissive of anyone who actually enjoys driving. He goes on and on about the inefficiencies of gasoline cars, which feels a bit ironic coming from a former GM executive. I was also hoping for more detail on the actual neural networks involved, but the focus remains largely on the business and project management side. It’s an informative read if you want the 'who' and 'when,' but maybe less so if you want the 'how' from a technical standpoint. Decent, but flawed in its execution.
Show moreQuestions about this book
What is the main idea of Autonomy by Lawrence D. Burns?
Burns argues that gasoline cars as we use them today waste energy and space on a huge scale, and that shared, self-driving, clean vehicles are the alternative. He tells how that technology emerged, from Larry Page’s early dream and DARPA’s desert robot races to GM’s electric prototypes, and predicts it will end private car ownership, cut freight costs and free city land now used for parking.
How inefficient are cars according to Autonomy?
Burns notes that less than 30 percent of the energy in a car’s gasoline moves it along the road, and only about 5 percent of the energy turned into motion moves the driver, since the car weighs about 3,000 pounds. Commuting cars carry 1.1 people on average, and cars are used only about 5 percent of the time, so huge areas are paved for parking.
What role did the DARPA races play in driverless cars?
DARPA held a robot race across the Mojave Desert in 2004 with a one million dollar prize. Every vehicle failed, including Carnegie Mellon’s Sandstorm after 7.3 miles. A second race in 2005 was won by Stanford’s Stanley, built with Sebastian Thrun’s mapping software and a cautious stop-and-reassess method. Thrun and Chris Urmson later joined Google’s self-driving project.
How will driverless cars change jobs and business?
Burns expects long-haul trucking and delivery costs to fall by around 50 percent, helping e-commerce and small firms reach wider markets. Professional drivers face a serious threat, parts suppliers for gas engines must adapt or fail, and carmakers will shift from selling cars to individuals to running fleets of self-driving taxis. Electric cars also need fewer workers and more software coders.
What practical advice does Autonomy give?
Burns’s direct advice is to make far fewer car journeys now. Take a bus, train or tram for trips such as suburb to city center or airport to downtown, and then lobby your government for better public transport. More broadly, his GM teardown story suggests watching for sharp drops in the number of parts or steps a new technology needs.
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