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12 min 49 sec
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Smarter: The New Science of Building Brain Power

Science journalist Dan Hurley looks at the research suggesting that your reasoning ability can grow after early adulthood. He covers which methods have evidence behind them, why scientists still argue about it, and which shortcuts to skip.

Table of Content

If you assume the brain you have at thirty is the brain you are stuck with, a growing body of research says you may be wrong. In Smarter, science journalist Dan Hurley reports on studies suggesting that fluid intelligence, the raw ability to reason through problems nobody taught you, can be raised. For decades psychologists believed that was impossible. Hurley, who has covered science for more than 25 years, did more than report it: he tried a mix of the methods himself, including learning to play the Renaissance lute.

His case is that fluid intelligence, long thought to be fixed, may be raised after all, and that brain games aimed at working memory, lifting weights and music lessons all have some evidence behind them. The evidence is real but still argued over, and Hurley keeps both sides in view. By the end, you will know which habits have the strongest research behind them, how much to expect from them, and which popular shortcuts to leave alone.

Your stock of facts can grow for a lifetime, yet scientists long insisted another part of your mind stopped improving around graduation. Knowing which part is which changes what kind of effort is worth making.

Nobody has ever directly seen intelligence, any more than physicists have seen dark matter. Brain scans and test patterns still point to one specific mental skill that may hold the key to reasoning.

A game that asks you to spot repeating letters sounds too simple to matter. One psychologist’s 2008 experiment with it surprised a field that had stopped believing reasoning could be trained.

Six months of three different workouts, and a year of four kinds of lessons for young children, produced results the researchers could rank. The winners were not the activities most people would guess.

A large review found brain training really does carry over to other tasks, yet its authors still urged caution. Meanwhile one US intelligence agency decided the evidence was already good enough to bet millions on.

Smarter ends up describing a brain that is more open to change than science once allowed, even if nobody yet knows exactly how much. The old picture of fluid intelligence peaking at university and then hardening like eye color has cracked. A plain memory game moved reasoning scores, six months of lifting weights changed how women’s brains performed, and children who sang gained more IQ points than those who acted. How far those gains reach into daily work is still disputed, and Hurley does not pretend otherwise.

What follows is a sensible way to spend your effort. Put training time into things that do you good even if the IQ gains turn out small: resistance exercise during the week, an instrument or a singing class, and, if you enjoy games, working memory tasks that keep raising the difficulty as you improve. Leave the pills on the shelf, and treat supplement promises with suspicion.

After decades of reporting on science, Hurley picked up a Renaissance lute to test it on himself. That may be the image worth keeping: the brain responds to effort, not to shortcuts.

About this book

What is this book about?

For decades, psychologists agreed that fluid intelligence, the ability to reason through problems nobody has taught you to solve, peaks in early adulthood and then stays put. Knowledge could keep growing, they said, but raw thinking power could not. In Smarter, science journalist Dan Hurley reports on newer studies that challenge that view. He explains how intelligence is measured, why working memory looks like its trainable core, and what happened when researchers tested a simple memory game, six months of different workouts and a year of music lessons. He also tried a mix of these methods himself, including learning the Renaissance lute. Hurley presents the doubts as well as the promise. A large review of brain-training studies found small but reliable gains that may not reach everyday skills, even as a US intelligence agency put 12 million dollars into the idea. Readers get a clear picture of which habits are worth their time, how much to expect from them, and why smart pills and supplements are not the answer.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Psychology, Science

Topics:

Brain Health, Memory, Neuroscience

Publisher:

Penguin Random House

Language:

English

Narrator:

Laura

First published:

December 13, 2013

Pages:

304

Length:

12 min 49 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Professionals worried they've peaked

    Professionals in their thirties and beyond who worry their thinking has peaked.

  • Weighing brain boosters

    People weighing brain-training apps, smart pills or supplements and wanting to know what the research supports.

  • Gym-goers and musicians-to-be

    Gym-goers and would-be musicians curious whether their hobbies sharpen the mind.

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About the Author

Dan Hurley

Dan Hurley has worked as a freelance science journalist for more than 25 years, after starting out helping to create and edit the Clayton Times near St. Louis. He studied at Beloit College in Wisconsin. Smarter grew out of his reporting on studies suggesting intelligence can be increased, and he tested a combination of the methods on himself, including learning to play the Renaissance lute. He is also known for writing 60-Second Novels for passers-by, a practice he kept up for about 30 years.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

3.7

Overall score based on 78 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find the text accessible and enjoyable, praising its detailed exploration of intelligence improvement and the optimism it provides for expanding brain power. The prose is described as delightful, with one listener observing that it functions as an effective companion to cognitive psychology classes. Opinions remain divided on the research quality and personality aspects.

Top reviews

Saranya

Picked this up on a whim and I’m so glad I did. The way Hurley weaves together his personal journey with the history of intelligence research is just brilliant. He captures the tension between the skeptics and the believers in the scientific community perfectly. I loved the deep dive into how working memory functions and why it might be the key to everything else. Even if some of the specific brain games aren't the magic bullet they were promised to be, the book’s exploration of tDCS and physical fitness is fascinating. It’s a well-researched, deeply human look at the quest for self-improvement. If you have any interest in how your mind works, you need to read this.

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Jong

Searching for a way to actually improve my focus led me here, and I wasn't disappointed. Hurley’s exploration of building brain power is both deeply researched and incredibly fun to read. He handles the controversy between different academic camps with a lot of grace, showing how science is often a messy, human process. I was particularly struck by his commitment to his own experiment, even when it involved wearing nicotine patches and zapping his brain with electrodes. It provides a sense of hope that we can indeed influence our own cognitive health through intentional action. For those who want to get past the marketing hype of brain games and see the actual studies, this is the perfect resource. It's a genuine page-turner.

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Anong

The chapter on Down syndrome felt really out of place in a book that was supposedly about a personal quest for higher IQ. It’s an important topic, but it didn't mesh well with the rest of the narrative, making the overall structure feel a bit haphazard. Hurley has a very 'magazine-writer' style—lots of adjectives and unnecessary fluff about the weather during his interviews. On the plus side, I did enjoy the section where he pushes back against the commercialization of immature science. He manages to capture the back-and-forth drama between academics quite well. It’s worth a read if you’re interested in the culture of science, but maybe skip it if you want hard facts. It’s more about the people than the actual data.

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Pranee

As someone currently enrolled in a cognitive psychology course, I found this to be a fantastic supplement to my textbooks. Hurley takes the 'boring' parts of working memory and fluid intelligence and turns them into a narrative that actually moves. He doesn't just list facts; he visits the labs and talks to the people behind the famous n-back studies. I especially liked how he tried to incorporate music instruction and mindfulness into his own life to see what would happen. While the results were mixed, his honesty about the difficulty of the process was refreshing. It’s a delightful read that bridges the gap between dense academic papers and popular science. Definitely recommend it for anyone curious about the limits of the human mind.

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Tantipat

Finally got around to reading this, and I have to say the section on nicotine patches was eye-opening. Most people associate nicotine purely with smoking, but Hurley explores it as a standalone nootropic with a lot of curiosity. The book is written in a very accessible, journalistic style that keeps you turning pages even when he's discussing complex meta-analyses. It’s not a perfect book—some of the studies he cites have definitely been challenged since publication—but the general message is hopeful. It encourages you to stay active, keep learning new things like the lute, and challenge your brain daily. Even if the 'IQ boost' is debatable, the lifestyle changes he suggests are genuinely beneficial for overall well-being.

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Nit

Ever wonder if you could actually change your brain's hardware? This book is an absolute blast because Dan Hurley doesn't just report from the sidelines; he throws himself into the fire. His enthusiasm is contagious, and I found myself laughing at his descriptions of wearing electrodes and trying to meditate. He makes complex neuroscience feel like an adventure story. It gave me a lot of hope that we aren't just stuck with the intelligence we were born with. However, to be fair, the science on n-back training is still a bit shaky and hasn't fully replicated across all labs. Whether it's through exercise or novel challenges, the idea that we can keep 'building' our power is inspiring. It’s rare to find a science book that is this entertaining without being totally shallow.

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Bee

Is there actually a point to all these anecdotes? I picked this up hoping for a concrete manual on boosting cognitive function, but instead, I got a memoir about a guy trying to play the lute. While the writing style is certainly breezy and easy to follow, the 'how-to' aspect is buried under mountains of unnecessary personal descriptions. He spends ages talking about the physical appearance of the researchers he interviews rather than getting to the meat of their findings. By the time I reached the end, I felt like I had learned more about Hurley's daily schedule than about my own brain. It’s entertaining in a shallow way, but ultimately it fails to deliver on the promise of its title. I’m disappointed by the lack of depth here.

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Connor

After hearing so much about the brain-training craze, I figured this would be a balanced look at the field. To be fair, Hurley does a decent job of navigating the tricky literature around things like nicotine and physical exercise. He writes with a lot of energy, and his passion for the subject makes the dry parts of cognitive psychology much more palatable. However, the book leaves many questions unanswered, and the evidence presented often feels like it's pointing in five different directions at once. It’s a fun journey, but don’t expect a solid 'yes' or 'no' regarding whether these methods actually work. It’s a good conversation starter, but it lacks the scientific rigor required to be a definitive text on the subject.

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Hunter

Avoid this if you actually want evidence-based results. The book is dangerously outdated, focusing heavily on brain-training games like Lumosity that have long lost their scientific luster. Hurley is clearly in love with credentials, but he seems unable to evaluate the actual quality of the research he’s presenting. He literally counts studies to prove his point rather than weighing the merit of the methodology, which is a massive red flag for any science writer. The 'curse of learning specificity' has reasserted itself, and most of the gains he crows about simply don't translate to real-world intelligence. It feels like a time capsule from 2013 that shouldn't have been preserved. Truth is, there is no easy shortcut to being smarter, and this book’s suggestion otherwise is just misleading.

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Rosa

The hype around this book is frankly exhausting once you realize it's just another piece of Gladwellian fluff. Hurley attempts to tackle fluid intelligence, yet he spends way too much time on chatty, over-interpreted social science that hasn't aged well at all. I found his self-experimentation—waking up at 6 AM and slapping on nicotine patches—to be more of a gimmick than actual journalism. The science here is immature, often relying on low-power psychology studies that have since failed to replicate in larger meta-analyses. It’s frustrating to read a journalist play scientist when he can’t even distinguish between active and passive controls in the studies he cites. If you’re looking for real cognitive gains, you’re better off just getting a good night’s sleep rather than reading this. It’s essentially a collection of conference backbiting masquerading as a breakthrough.

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Questions about this book

Hurley reports on research suggesting that fluid intelligence, the ability to reason through new problems, can be increased, which psychologists long thought impossible after early adulthood. Working memory appears to be its trainable core. Studies of the N-Back game, resistance exercise and music lessons show gains, though scientists still argue over how far those improvements carry into everyday skills.

The psychologist Raymond Cattell introduced the terms in 1971. Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge and know-how you build up over a lifetime, from general facts to riding a bicycle, and it keeps growing. Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason, see patterns and solve problems you were never taught. It was believed to peak in early adulthood and stay fixed, a belief the research in Smarter challenges.

The evidence Hurley presents is mixed but encouraging. Susanne Jaeggi found in 2008 that four weeks of N-Back training raised fluid intelligence scores by 40 percent. A meta-analysis of 23 studies by Charles Hulme and Monica Melby-Lervåg found small but reliable transfer to non-verbal reasoning in 22 of them, but the authors warned this may not improve real-world reading or math.

Resistance training came out ahead in a 2012 study by Teresa Liu-Ambrose. She randomly placed 86 women into one of three groups for six months: toning, aerobic exercise or resistance training. Only the resistance group improved on cognitive tests of attention and memory and showed increased brain activity on fMRI scans. Earlier research also linked activities like tennis to better cognitive results in older adults.

Hurley advises against them. He argues that ritalin and other smart pills do not raise intelligence, and that they may impair the brain’s natural ability to improve, so they are best avoided. He considers claims for supplements like Omega-3 oil and B vitamins unproven, suggesting that any benefit people notice may come from the placebo effect. His advice is to rely on natural methods instead.

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