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Nine Nasty Words: English in the Gutter: Then, Now, and Forever

A linguist's history of English profanity. It shows how damn, shit, bitch and the cruelest slurs gained or lost their power, and why the words that shock us depend on what each era fears.

Table of Content

Most people know which words to keep out of a meeting, yet few could explain why those words hurt. In Nine Nasty Words, Columbia linguist John McWhorter starts from a record that upsets the usual assumption. In the Middle Ages, a dairyman named Simon Fuckbutter appeared in official documents, and his name meant nothing rude at all.

No word is dirty by nature, McWhorter argues. Each taboo term borrowed its sting from whatever a society feared at the time: first offending God, then the shame of the body, later the contempt of one group for another. As those fears move, the words move with them.

That one idea explains why hell now sounds mild and why English lacks a polite everyday word for the genitals. It also explains how a bundle of sticks became an American slur. Follow McWhorter’s history and any curse you hear, at work, in a song or abroad, starts to show what is really doing the damage.

A famous film line was supposedly so shocking in 1939 that its producer paid a fine for it. The real story is tamer, and it shows where the oldest English curses got their force.

The word for careful knowledge and the word for a bodily function grew from the same ancient root. What later made one of them unsayable was a change in how people lived and prayed.

English has easy, neutral words for hands and feet. For the body parts people care about most, it offers only the clinical, the childish or the crude, and the reason goes back four centuries.

Medieval records list a royal adviser and a dairyman whose surnames would be bleeped on the radio today. Nobody minded then. Where the word came from, and why it beat its rivals, is still debated.

One night on stage ended a beloved comedian’s career. The word he used once meant little more than dark-skinned, and the rules around it today depend sharply on who is speaking.

Order one in Britain and you get dinner. Say it in America and you wound someone. A bundle of sticks, an army and a long chain of insults connect the two meanings.

A scribe in 1397 used the word for a dog with blind puppies. Today a rapper uses it to mean herself. The road between those two uses shows why no taboo stays where it is.

McWhorter’s history works as a record of what English speakers have been afraid of. In the Middle Ages the danger was offending God, so damn and hell carried weight. After the Reformation it was the body, and words for waste and sex went underground. In recent centuries the deepest wounds have come from words built to rank whole groups of people below others. That is why a slur can now end a career, while Simon Fuckbutter sold dairy goods under a name nobody minded.

This is more than trivia. When a word bothers you, ask which fear it draws on, belief, shame or contempt, because that tells you how much harm it can do. Treat slurs as a separate class from oaths. Their force comes from a history of cruelty, and who speaks them changes what they mean. And when a teenager calls a party bitchin’, remember that the same word once described a dog and her blind puppies.

Bad words are never finished. Every generation decides again which ones still bite.

About this book

What is this book about?

Everyone knows certain words can stop a room, but few people can say why. Linguist John McWhorter traces nine of the most charged words in English back through centuries of use, from damn and hell to fuck, shit, bitch and two of the cruelest slurs in American life. His angle is that profanity gets its force from religion, body shame and the history of slurs. In the Middle Ages, the worst words offended God. After the Protestant Reformation and the spread of private homes, the body itself became shameful, and words for waste and sex were pushed out of polite speech. In more recent times, the words that wound most are the ones built to put people down for their race, their sex or their sexuality. Along the way, readers meet a medieval dairyman named Simon Fuckbutter and learn that science and shit share an ancient root. They also see how a word for a bundle of sticks became a slur in the United States while still naming a pork dish in Britain. The result is a clear account of why some words lost their heat, why others gained it, and why none of today's taboos is permanent.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

History, Social Issues

Topics:

Gender, Race, Sociology

Publisher:

Penguin Random House

Language:

English

Narrator:

Jenna

First published:

May 4, 2021

Pages:

288

Length:

15 min 25 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Curious why curses shock

    Word lovers who want to know why some curses shock while others barely register.

  • Judging which words offend

    Writers, editors and managers deciding which words are safe for a wide or international audience.

  • Curious about English taboos

    Readers curious about how religion, body shame and prejudice shaped everyday English.

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About the Author

John McWhorter

John McWhorter teaches linguistics at Columbia University, along with American studies and music history. He was born in Philadelphia in 1965 and earned his PhD at Stanford University. His research looks at how creole languages form and how grammar changes under social and historical pressure. He has written books on language and on race relations and writes a newsletter for The New York Times. He is also a contributing editor at The Atlantic, and his articles have appeared in Time and The Wall Street Journal.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4

Overall score based on 142 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find this title to be a charming and fun experience that is both polished and educational, with one listener emphasizing its neutral delivery of history and facts. They enjoy the humor and linguistic focus, with one review noting how it examines the origins of taboo language. The book is praised for its intellectual quality, with one listener characterizing it as erudite, and its anthropological depth, as one review highlights its captivating chronicle of English-language swearing.

Top reviews

Bee

Ever wonder why saying 'damn' doesn't get you kicked out of a party anymore, but other words will get you canceled instantly? This book tracks that evolution perfectly, showing how our taboos have shifted from the sacred to the social over several centuries. McWhorter is brilliant at explaining how slurs have become the 'true' profanity of the modern era, replacing the old-school anatomical and religious curses. His tone is objective and scholarly, yet he manages to inject enough humor to keep the pages turning quickly. I’ll never look at the word 'rabbit' or its strange history with the word 'coney' the same way again. It is a absolute masterclass in linguistic history.

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Hom

This is hands-down the most entertaining linguistics book I’ve encountered in years. McWhorter has this whimsical style that makes even the most complex grammatical shifts feel totally accessible to a layperson. I particularly loved the charts explaining how profanity functions as a system of pronouns, particularly in Black American English. It’s one of those rare non-fiction titles that teaches you something on every single page while making you laugh out loud at the absurdity of it all. If you think linguistics is just about boring sentence diagrams, this book will absolutely blow your mind. It’s the perfect blend of high-brow scholarship and low-brow subject matter.

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Tim

John McWhorter proves once again why he is one of the most vital voices in modern linguistics today. He takes words that are usually whispered and puts them under a microscope, revealing the beautiful logic behind their usage. The way he traces the word 'bitch' from a simple noun to a complex marker of power and control is absolutely brilliant. He doesn't shy away from the controversial aspects of language, but he approaches them with the steady hand of a true scientist. This is a must-read for anyone who loves the messy, evolving nature of the English language. It is informative, hilarious, and deeply human all at once.

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Siriphen

McWhorter has a way of making linguistics feel like a late-night chat at a bar. He explores how terms like fuck and shit migrated from the bathroom to the dictionary with impressive academic rigor. The sections on 20th-century pop culture might feel a bit niche for some, but they provide essential context for how these words became so pervasive in American life. Truth is, his breakdown of the 'pronoun-ification' of certain words—like how we use 'your ass' to mean 'yourself'—is worth the price of the book alone. It's a fun, informative romp through the mud of the English language. My only gripe is that some chapters feel slightly more repetitive than others, though the enthusiasm never wanes.

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Frida

The shift from religious curses to slurs is the most fascinating part of this entire sociological study. McWhorter argues that words like 'hell' were once the peak of vulgarity because of the weight of religion, whereas today, we find them almost quaint. It’s a compelling look at how language acts as a mirror for what society actually fears or respects at any given moment. Some of the etymological deep dives into the 'n-word' are heavy but necessary for understanding our current cultural climate. It’s an erudite, thoughtful, and deeply researched book that treats its subject with the respect it deserves. Some sentence structures are a bit dense, but the knowledge gained is immense.

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Tuck

Finally, someone debunks the fake acronym myths with actual historical evidence! McWhorter takes a sledgehammer to the urban legends that have plagued our understanding of profanity for decades. He provides a grounded, objective history that doesn’t rely on cheap titillation to keep the reader’s interest. The chapter on the 'n-word' is handled with incredible care and nuance, highlighting the linguistic difference between the 'er' and 'a' endings in a way I hadn't considered before. It’s a masterclass in objective storytelling that remains deeply engaging from the first chapter to the motherfucking addendum. I would have liked a bit more focus on UK English, but the US focus is still brilliant.

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Titiluck

Reading this with my college-aged kid turned out to be a surprisingly great bonding experience. It gave us a structured way to talk about the weight of certain words and how their meanings have drifted over the centuries since Chaucer. McWhorter’s writing is witty and intelligent, managing to bridge the gap between high-brow academic research and common street slang. Look, it’s not just a list of bad words; it’s an anthropological deep dive into how English speakers navigate the world. I highly recommend the audiobook version too, as McWhorter’s own narration brings a certain 'chuckle' to the text that makes the more complex linguistic theories easier to digest.

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Bond

I really wanted to love this more than I actually did. As a fan of McWhorter’s other work, I expected a more irreverent and punchy narrative, but parts of this felt like a dry university lecture. He spends an enormous amount of time on word origins and etymology, which is fascinating in theory but often meanders into long-winded territory. Frankly, the pop culture trivia started to grate on me after a while because it felt like a distraction from the core linguistic analysis. It’s a decent read if you’re a die-hard word nerd, but it lacks the lively spark I was hoping for based on the cover. It’s informative, sure, but definitely more scholarly than humorous.

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Oak

While the linguistic insights are top-tier, the constant references to obscure musicals and 1930s vaudeville were a bit much for me personally. McWhorter is clearly an 'old soul,' but those specific pop culture tangents occasionally derailed the flow of the history he was trying to tell. To be fair, the debunking of 'folk etymologies'—like the idea that certain words are acronyms for things like 'Fornicating Under Consent of the King'—was very satisfying to read. It’s a solid book that suffers from a few pacing issues and a narrator who sometimes gets a bit too distracted by his own hobbies. If you can handle the tangents, you'll learn a lot.

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Tanawan

For a book about swear words, this was surprisingly prissy and academic. I found it jarring that an author writing about the 'nasty' parts of our language would use such convoluted, Victorian circumlocution to avoid being direct about body parts. It felt like a professor who is terrified of his own subject matter, resulting in a book that is more 'scholarly presentation' than 'unfiltered history.' The footnotes provide endless content warnings that feel entirely unnecessary for an adult audience intentionally reading about profanity. Not gonna lie, I was expecting something much ballsier and less concerned with maintaining a 'proper' academic distance from the smut. It just didn't land for me.

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Questions about this book

McWhorter argues that no word is offensive by nature. Each taboo word in English took its power from what a society feared at the time. Religious oaths like damn and hell came first, then words tied to body shame like shit and dick, and later slurs aimed at race, sex and sexuality. Because those fears change, the words change too, and none of today’s taboos is permanent.

Nobody knows for sure. McWhorter finds a German source, ficken, meaning to rub, unlikely because the word appears in English too early. A better candidate is the old Norwegian fukka, which Vikings could have brought to the British Isles in the ninth century. Medieval records even list people named Simon Fuckbutter and Henry Fuckbeggar, which shows the word was not considered rude back then.

Their original force was religious. In medieval and Renaissance Europe, asking God to damn someone or sending them to hell broke Christian rules about using the Lord’s name in vain. As faith loosened its hold on everyday speech, the words spread so widely that Joan of Arc called the English the Goddams. By around 1900 they drew only mild disapproval.

McWhorter’s clearest example is the f-slur. In the UK the word names chopped pork wrapped in bacon, served as a dish, and a short form means a cigarette. In the US it became a slur for gay men. Its path ran from a bundle of sticks, to untrained army conscripts in the later 1800s, to worthless men, to women, and finally to an insult against masculinity.

It suits anyone curious about why certain words carry so much weight, from language enthusiasts to writers and managers who choose words for wide audiences. It is also useful for readers interested in how religion, privacy and prejudice shaped English. The book explains the history of each word in plain terms, so no background in linguistics is needed.

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