AI 2041: Ten Visions for Our Future
Kai-Fu Lee
A linguist's guide to why online English changes so fast, from passive-aggressive periods and ironic tildes to emoji and memes, and how to read the tone hidden in everyday messages.

1 min 00 sec
If a colleague’s short reply with a full stop has ever made you wonder whether they were angry, you have already felt English changing beneath you. In Because Internet, Canadian linguist Gretchen McCulloch argues that English is now changing far more rapidly than it did over past centuries, because ordinary people write informally every day without editors. Change used to be slow: Shakespeare’s plays from about 400 years ago are mostly readable, while Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, around 600 years old, needs university courses to decode. Online, new rules can appear and spread in a few years.
McCulloch’s case is that this happens because writing has lost the voice, face and hands of speech, and millions of casual writers keep inventing ways to put them back. Follow her argument and the small marks in your messages, a tilde, a smiley, a capital letter, become a code you can read and use on purpose.
1 min 47 sec
For centuries, almost everything people read had passed an editor first. Then something arrived that let anyone write for thousands, and the people who used to set the rules lost their monopoly.
1 min 47 sec
A pronunciation change in a Belfast neighborhood was led by a handful of young women, and the reason had nothing to do with their age. It explains why some online platforms spread new words faster than others.
1 min 53 sec
Two coworkers can read the same short email and come away with opposite impressions. The difference often has less to do with personality than with the year each of them first logged on.
2 min 02 sec
A single dot at the end of a message can make a friendly reply feel cold. The explanation reveals how online writers rebuilt shouting, smiling and irony without any official help.
1 min 54 sec
Some people still refuse to touch the little cartoon symbols, fearing they cheapen writing. A linguist’s view of what they actually do suggests the critics are missing something your hands have known all along.
2 min 02 sec
A sociologist who distrusted television described the pubs and coffee shops that hold a society together. He never meant the web, yet his idea explains why teenagers now stay home and why protests can start online.
1 min 53 sec
A cartoon scribbled on walls during the Second World War and a photo of a Japanese teacher’s dog have something in common. Both show why the jokes that baffle you are doing real social work.
1 min 10 sec
What McCulloch describes is a language being rebuilt by its own speakers, in public, every day. English has always shifted like a house remodeled across generations; the difference now is speed. Ordinary people now write casually, beyond the reach of editors and teachers, and because their words arrive without a voice or a face, they keep inventing substitutes. A period sounds sharp, capitals shout, a tilde rolls its eyes, a cake marks a birthday, a misspelled dog carries an in-joke. None of this is decay. It is ordinary people solving the old problem John Wilkins tried and failed to fix in 1688.
The practical lesson is to read messages as speech written down. Before deciding a colleague is annoyed, ask whether their period is simply a habit from another internet generation. Choose punctuation and emoji for the tone you would use out loud. And when a phrase or meme leaves you puzzled, treat it as a door into a group you have not joined yet.
The rules are new, and every message you send helps write them.
English has always changed, but slowly. Shakespeare is still mostly readable, while Chaucer needs a university course. Online, new rules for spelling, punctuation and grammar now appear and spread within a few years. Gretchen McCulloch sets out to explain why. Her answer is that the internet made writing an everyday, unedited activity for ordinary people, and that this casual writing lost the tone of voice, facial expressions and gestures of speech. Writers responded by inventing replacements: capitals for shouting, a period that signals annoyance, lol and the sarcasm tilde for irony, emoji for gestures. Drawing on linguistic research, she shows how weak social ties spread these habits and how the generation in which you first went online shapes the way you write. Readers get a clear map of the new rules, from the founder effect of early chatrooms to social media as a modern cafe and memes as group passwords, and a better ear for what their own messages are really saying.
Professionals who misread or worry about the tone of colleagues' emails and chats.
Team leads managing people from different generations with very different texting habits.
Language lovers and students curious why emoji, lol and memes spread so fast.
Gretchen McCulloch is a Canadian linguist based in Montreal, with a master's degree in linguistics from McGill University. She writes the Resident Linguist column at Wired, after writing for The Toast. She runs the blog All Things Linguistic and cohosts the podcast Lingthusiasm with Lauren Gawne. Because Internet, published in 2019, is her first book.
Listeners describe the book as both intriguing and educational, and one review highlights the way it employs online examples to explain ideas in linguistics. Furthermore, the prose is quite approachable, as one listener points out that the material is crafted for easy comprehension by a general audience. They also enjoy how readable and entertaining the content is. On the other hand, there are complaints regarding app performance, with multiple listeners reporting crashes on the iOS Kindle app and MacBook Pro.
Ever wonder why your mom uses ellipses differently than you do? This book is a deep dive into the sociology of internet language that makes those awkward digital interactions finally make sense. I particularly loved the breakdown of "Full Internet People" versus "Semi-Internet People," which perfectly categorized everyone in my family. McCulloch writes with a contagious enthusiasm that makes even the most obscure linguistic concepts feel accessible to someone who isn't a total nerd. While it's incredibly informative, it stays light enough to read on a weekend without feeling like a textbook. The only downside was some weird formatting on my Kindle app, but the content itself is gold.
Show moreMcCulloch has written a revolutionary piece of work that makes you feel like an insider in the world of internet linguistics. She treats things like hashtags and GIFs with the same intellectual respect that other scholars give to Shakespeare or Latin. I found the section on "vaguebooking" and "subtweeting" particularly hilarious because it perfectly captured the passive-aggressive energy of early social media. It’s an easy, readable book that manages to be academic without ever feeling dry or boring. It really makes you appreciate the way language is a living, breathing thing that evolves right under our noses every single day.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this and I’m surprised by how much I learned about things I use every day. The idea that emoji are the digital equivalent of hand gestures changed how I look at every text I send. It’s a fascinating, geeky exploration of how we’ve managed to create a written language that finally captures the nuances of speech. McCulloch’s writing is bright and energetic, making even the history of email protocols feel like a page-turner. It’s a must-read for anyone who cares about communication, even if you’re a "Semi-Internet" person who still remembers life before smartphones.
Show moreThis book is an absolute must-read for anyone who has ever felt confused by a teenager's Instagram caption or a weirdly placed tilde. It's an insightful analysis of how our "third place" online has birthed a whole new way of expressing ourselves through GIFs and intentional typos. I appreciated the mention of how parents use initials for children to keep them unsearchable, a detail that shows how deeply McCulloch has looked at our social habits. The book is incredibly readable and filled with those "aha!" moments that you'll want to share with everyone you know. It’s a brilliant celebration of human creativity in the digital age.
Show moreAs someone who still struggles to understand why a period at the end of a text feels like a declaration of war, this was eye-opening. McCulloch explains how informal writing has basically become its own language with rules that are just as complex as traditional grammar. It’s written for a general audience, so you don’t need a PhD to follow her logic regarding memes or the history of Lolcats. I did find her "Everything Is Awesome" stance on language change a little one-sided, as she rarely addresses the potential downsides of digital communication. Still, the insight into how we use the internet as a "third place" for socializing was worth the price of admission.
Show morePicked this up on a whim because I'm a bit of a language geek, and I wasn't disappointed by the level of detail here. The book looks at everything from the deliberate omission of punctuation to the way regional dialects still survive in a globalized digital world. It’s fascinating to see how the Library of Congress is now archiving things like the Urban Dictionary, proving that our "silly" internet culture actually has historical value. I’ll admit I hit a few snags with the eBook crashing on my Mac, which was frustrating given how much I wanted to finish it. If you can get past the technical glitches, it’s an amusing and deeply researched look at how we talk now.
Show moreAfter hearing Gretchen on a podcast, I knew I needed to grab a copy of this for my shelf. The distinction between formal and informal writing is something we all intuitively understand, but seeing it laid out with actual data was incredibly satisfying. I loved the discussion on how different generations adopt technology at different life stages and how that affects their specific "accent" in text. It’s a very accessible book that avoids getting bogged down in jargon, which is rare for something so deeply researched. My only minor complaint is that I wanted even more analysis on recent trends like "rAndOm CaPiTaLs" or Spongebob memes.
Show moreTruth is, I never realized how much my texting style was influenced by when I first got dial-up until I read the chapter on net-generations. This book explains the "why" behind our digital habits, like why some people find emoji annoying while others see them as essential for conveying tone. It’s an amusing read that feels very current, even if the internet moves so fast that some examples might feel dated in a few years. It’s definitely written for the layman, making it a great gift for anyone who spends too much time on Twitter or Reddit. Just be warned that the digital version has some compatibility issues on certain devices.
Show moreThe chapter on emoji functioning as physical gestures was a total lightbulb moment for me. However, I have to be frank about the audiobook experience because the pacing felt incredibly rushed, almost as if it was set to 1.5x speed by default. McCulloch is clearly brilliant and her passion for things like sarcasm tildes is obvious, but the delivery felt a bit too smug at times. I enjoyed the analysis of how "lol" has evolved from actual laughter into a marker of politeness or softened tone. It’s a solid read if you're interested in how we communicate online, but maybe stick to the physical copy to avoid the author's breakneck narration.
Show moreNot what I expected, and frankly, I struggled to get through the first half. While the premise is interesting, the author seems to think every single change in digital slang is an amazing breakthrough for humanity. There is no critical distance here; it’s more of a celebratory cheerleading session for internet culture than a balanced linguistic study. To make matters worse, the Kindle version kept crashing on my iPad, making the reading experience more of a chore than it should have been. I suppose it’s informative if you’ve never spent time on a message board, but for a "Full Internet" person, a lot of this felt like old news.
Show moreGretchen McCulloch argues that English is changing faster than ever because the internet made informal, unedited writing part of daily life for ordinary people. Since writing loses tone of voice, facial expressions and gestures, online writers keep inventing replacements, such as capitals for shouting, the sarcasm tilde for irony and emoji for gestures. These conventions spread through weak social ties and now shape the language itself.
In chat-style messaging, people began separating thoughts by sending a new message rather than typing a period. Once the period was no longer needed to end a thought, adding one started to signal something extra, usually annoyance or passive aggression. McCulloch points out that by 2013 even mainstream outlets like the New Republic had noticed this change.
According to McCulloch, lol was coined by Wayne Pearson, an early internet user, in a chatroom in the 1980s, where it meant laughter. Its meaning has since widened. Today people use it to show they enjoyed a joke, to ease an awkward moment or to mark irony, which has always been hard to convey in writing.
Read messages as written speech. Before assuming a colleague is curt, consider when they first went online, since McCulloch suggests that the era in which someone joined the internet reveals a lot about how they communicate. Use emoji as emblem gestures, like a wave or a thumbs-up, when tone could be misread, and reread important messages from the receiver’s side to check what your punctuation signals.
AUDIO SUMMARY AVAILABLE
Get the key ideas from Because Internet by Gretchen McCulloch, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.
