Opens in a new tab
12 min 20 sec
Available in:English

Written in History: Letters that Changed the World

A historian's tour of private letters, from Mozart's crude flirting to Hitler's invasion note and Rosa Parks writing after her arrest. It shows how words meant for one reader reveal who people really were and when history turned.

Table of Content

Most of us know famous figures only by their public deeds. Yet a single private letter can show a future tyrant flirting or a great composer telling toilet jokes. In Written in History, the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore gathers letters that changed the world, from love notes to execution orders. Until recently, nearly every message sent over a distance went on paper, so letters became a goldmine for anyone trying to understand the past.

The idea running through the collection is that words written for one reader often reveal what public records hide. They show who people really were, and the moment when their lives, or whole nations, began to turn. Stalin, Oscar Wilde, Alan Turing, Rosa Parks, Hitler and Wilbur Wright all appear here, and some look very different from their reputations. By the end, you will be able to read history through its most personal documents and spot when a private choice becomes a public turning point. You will also see why a handwritten page still matters in an age of email.

A child prodigy, an aristocratic poet and a future dictator all wrote love letters. What they put on paper is so far from their public image that one of them is hard to believe at all.

Two brilliant men wrote to close friends while the law closed in on them. Read today with hindsight, their words reveal the anxieties that marked the turn toward their downfall, and one signed off in a way that is hard to forget.

A British minister, a German dictator and a Soviet leader each wrote a letter that reshaped the century. None of them could see the full result, and one took more than thirty years to arrive.

One woman wrote from the uncertainty of an unresolved arrest. Another, whose militant methods pushed away her own daughters, wrote a fierce letter urging women to fight. Both show what kept them going when the odds were against them.

Years before the first powered flight, an unknown man begged a scientific institution to take him seriously. Over a century later, Leonard Cohen wrote to his former muse as she lay dying. Together their letters show how to begin and how to let go.

Written in History works like a series of keyholes. Through each one, a famous name becomes a person: a composer joking with his cousin, a future tyrant stretching out a kiss in a love note, a thinker afraid for his life’s work signing off in distress, an activist growing stronger after her arrest. Through some of them, a whole era turns, from a promise in 1917 to a nation in 1948, or from one hanging order to the terror of Stalin’s rule. Writing for one reader made people honest, and that honesty is what lets us see them now.

Letters have lost ground to email and messaging, but Montefiore’s selection suggests their force has not faded. When you next read about a powerful figure, look for what they wrote in private, because that is where the reputation cracks open. And when you have a spare moment, sit down and write by hand to someone you have not spoken to in a while. Online, much of what we read comes from strangers and people with no name. A handwritten page tells its reader that they matter.

Some of the letters in this book changed the world. Yours only has to change one person’s day.

About this book

What is this book about?

Until very recently, almost every message sent over a distance went on paper. That makes letters one of the richest records historians have. In Written in History, Simon Sebag Montefiore gathers letters that changed the world, from love notes to execution orders, written by people as different as Mozart, Stalin, Oscar Wilde, Rosa Parks and Hitler. His collection makes two points. Private letters show famous figures as they were when nobody was watching: a composer telling toilet jokes, a future tyrant lingering over a kiss, a thinker afraid his life's work would be dismissed. And some letters mark the exact moment history turned, often before their writers understood what they had started. Examples include Balfour's 1917 promise, Hitler's note to Mussolini on the eve of invading Russia and Lenin's order to hang the rich. Readers get a new way into the past through its most personal documents. They also get a reason to pick up a pen themselves in an age of email.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

History

Topics:

Power Dynamics, War

Publisher:

Penguin Random House

Language:

English

Narrator:

Hannah

First published:

January 1, 2018

Pages:

336

Length:

12 min 20 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Fans of famous lives

    History lovers who want to meet Stalin, Wilde, Turing and Parks as private people.

  • Twentieth century buffs

    Readers interested in the turning points of the twentieth century, from Israel's founding to the Soviet terror.

  • Prospective letter writers

    Anyone thinking about writing a heartfelt letter who wants to see what makes one last.

Listen to Preview

About the Author

Simon Sebag Montefiore

Simon Sebag Montefiore, born in 1965, studied history at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he earned a doctorate. His histories include Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, The Romanovs, The World: A Family History of Humanity and Jerusalem, which has sold over a million copies internationally. He also writes novels, among them the Moscow Trilogy. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and has presented BBC television series on Jerusalem, Rome and Vienna.

More from Simon Sebag Montefiore

See all books

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

3.8

Overall score based on 100 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find that although perspectives fluctuate on whether every entry is truly world-altering, the compilation as a whole delivers a captivating and highly personal look into the psyches of history's most prominent individuals. They value the vast diversity of topics, ranging from emotional love notes to intense wartime tactics. Furthermore, listeners appreciate the author’s introductory context for ensuring the history remains approachable, with one listener remarking that even familiar narratives are enhanced by startling new facts. Additionally, they point to the absorbing quality of certain inclusions, like Eisenhower’s D-Day preparations and Michelangelo’s raw descriptions of his artistic struggles.

Top reviews

Zoe

Finally got around to this collection and I'm genuinely blown away by the intimacy of these documents. Most history books tell you what happened, but reading Michelangelo’s raw descriptions of his physical agony while painting the Sistine Chapel—describing his belly hanging over his chin—makes the past feel alive. The contrast between high-stakes wartime strategy and deeply personal vulnerabilities is what makes this work so compelling. I particularly loved the exchange between Stalin and Tito; Tito’s brazen threat to send a 'very fast' assassin to Moscow if Stalin didn't stop sending them first was a highlight. Even the shorter entries, like Leonard Cohen's final goodbye, pack a massive emotional punch. Simon Sebag Montefiore provides just enough context in his introductions to make the history accessible without overwhelming the primary sources. It’s an unmissable look into the private hearts of public figures.

Show more
Lena

Wow, what an incredible journey through the private thoughts of the powerful and the persecuted. This book is a masterclass in humanizing icons. Reading Eisenhower’s draft for a failed D-Day invasion alongside Hitler’s letters to Mussolini gives you a 360-degree view of the stakes involved in 1941. It isn't just about politicians, though. The inclusion of Flaubert’s debauchery and the heartbreaking goodbye from Leonard Cohen to his muse Marianne added a beautiful, melancholic layer to the collection. I found the author's introductions to be perfect bridges that provided the necessary political and social context for a general reader. Even if every letter didn't literally change the world, they all provide a window into the minds that did. Highly recommended for anyone who wants to see the human side of the history books.

Show more
Violet

Ever wonder what was going through a monarch’s head right before the axe fell? This book gives you exactly that, capturing the chillingly calm advice of Charles I to his son just before his execution. The breadth of the collection is its greatest strength, jumping from the ancient world to Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un. I was particularly fascinated by the 'scatological' letters of Mozart—who knew one of history's greatest geniuses had such a bizarre, crude sense of humor? While some of the ancient letters didn't resonate as strongly due to their brevity, the overall impact is one of deep human connection across the centuries. Montefiore has a knack for selecting moments that reveal a side of famous figures we rarely see in textbooks. It's an accessible, fascinating read for any history buff.

Show more
Nong

Picked this up on a whim and was pleasantly surprised by the breadth of figures included here. It’s a remarkable mosaic of human experience, ranging from the triumphs of Catherine the Great to the tragic treatment of Alan Turing. I loved how Montefiore showcased the reversal of fortunes; one day someone is at the top of the world, and the next they are writing a desperate plea from a prison cell. The detail about Michelangelo feeling more like a sculptor than a painter while his 'buttocks were trying to balance his weight' on a scaffold was a brilliant inclusion. Some of the shorter letters felt like they were just there to fill space, and the 'shagging' anecdotes in the intros could have been trimmed. Still, it’s a great gift for someone who likes their history with a personal touch.

Show more
Saranya

This book provides a fascinating, if sometimes erratic, mosaic of human history through the lens of personal correspondence. The variety of themes is impressive—you move from high-stakes diplomacy and wartime strategy to the most intimate, and sometimes weirdly specific, love letters. My favorite part was the revelation of Mozart’s obsession with bathroom humor; it’s so absurdly humanizing. Montefiore is a great storyteller, and his introductions make the context very clear even for those who aren't history experts. Gotta say, though, the title is a bit of a misnomer. Not every letter is a world-changer, and the author's focus on the 'frothy' romantic lives of artists won't be for everyone. Despite that, the sheer diversity of voices, from ancient Pharaohs to modern leaders, makes it a compelling and easy read.

Show more
Tanawan

Not what I expected, but in a mostly good way. Instead of a dry academic text, Montefiore gives us a colorful, sometimes scandalous, and often moving collection of letters. The contrast between the Córdoba Caliph counting only 14 happy days in a 50-year reign and the fiery, erotic letters of John Keats shows the full spectrum of human emotion. While I agree with other reviewers that some inclusions feel like filler, the highlights are so strong that they carry the book. The Tito threat to Stalin is worth the price of admission alone! It’s the kind of book you can leave on your nightstand and read a few pages of every night. A few of the author’s takes require a bit of skepticism, but the primary sources themselves are absolutely worth your time.

Show more
Amara

As someone who usually devours historical biographies, I found this to be a bit of a mixed bag. On one hand, you have the incredible tension of Eisenhower’s D-Day letters, which show the sheer weight of responsibility on his shoulders. On the other hand, the book is cluttered with obscure love letters that don't seem to have 'changed the world' in any meaningful way. The author’s introductions are informative but occasionally lean too heavily into the 'irregular sex lives' of the writers, which feels a bit sensationalist after a while. I was also taken aback by the framing of the Marx and Engels letters; highlighting their personal flaws while seemingly excusing the devastation of Hiroshima in the Truman section felt inconsistent. It's a decent coffee table book for dipping in and out of, but don't expect a balanced academic analysis.

Show more
Saengdao

The title is definitely clickbait, as very few of these letters actually shifted the course of global history. Instead, what we get is a voyeuristic peek into the private lives of people who happened to be famous. Frankly, the section on love and family was a bit of a slog for me; lovers in letters tend to be repetitive and, well, boring. However, the book picks up significantly when it transitions to war and power. Seeing the way Stalin played a 'dictator' game with his young daughter while simultaneously ordering thousands to their deaths was hauntingly effective. The formatting is good, with helpful intros for each piece, but I wish the selection had been more rigorous. It’s worth a read for the highlights, but you’ll likely find yourself skimming the fluff.

Show more
Surasit

It’s a bit of a stretch calling every single one of these 'world-changing' letters. While the inclusion of Eisenhower’s pre-emptive D-Day notes and Charles I writing to his son are genuinely monumental, the collection feels heavily padded with irrelevant gossip. Truth is, the author spends far too much time in the introductions focusing on who was sleeping with whom in various 19th-century artistic circles. These 'frothy' love letters from people I barely recognize really slowed the momentum of what should have been a high-stakes historical survey. To be fair, Montefiore is a gifted storyteller, but his personal biases occasionally bleed through, especially in his commentary on Marx and Truman. It felt less like a curated history and more like a collection of the author’s favorite anecdotes, some of which were quite tedious.

Show more
Kevin

I wanted to love this, but Montefiore’s intrusive introductions kept pulling me out of the primary sources. He has a habit of spending four paragraphs explaining the scandalous love lives of the writers before we even get to the letter itself. It felt like reading a tabloid at times rather than a history book. More concerning was the clear bias in the commentary. The author goes out of his way to highlight racism in letters by Marx, claiming it’s essential to the ideology, yet treats the bombing of Japan with a very different moral lens. If you’re looking for objective history, this isn't it. Some letters, like those from RAF pilots or concentration camp survivors, are deeply moving, but they are buried under too much authorial baggage and irrelevant social gossip.

Show more
Show all reviews

Questions about this book

It is an anthology of letters, chosen by the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, that show history from the inside. Love letters by Mozart, Vita Sackville-West and Stalin sit beside letters that marked turning points, such as the Balfour Declaration, Hitler’s note to Mussolini before invading Russia and Lenin’s order to hang the rich. Together they show famous figures as they were in private and reveal decisions as they were being made.

The collection includes Mozart’s crude letters to his cousin Marianne and his tender ones to his wife Constance, Stalin’s 1912 love letter, Oscar Wilde’s anxious letter to Robbie Ross and Alan Turing’s despairing letter to Norman Routledge. It also has Rosa Parks writing after her 1955 arrest, Emmeline Pankhurst’s 1913 call for militancy, Wilbur Wright’s 1899 appeal to the Smithsonian Institution and Leonard Cohen’s farewell to Marianne Ihlen.

Because they were written for one reader, letters show sides of people that public records hide. Stalin, later known for mass murder, wrote playful love notes. Turing’s letter shows he feared his work would be dismissed because of his sexuality. Hitler’s letter to Mussolini, full of half-truths, shows a man who believed he could not be stopped. Read with hindsight, such letters often mark the start of a downfall or a historic turn.

The book’s advice is to send someone a handwritten letter. Many people feel alone in an age of anonymous screens, and a handwritten letter makes its reader feel special. Choose someone you have not spoken to in a while and write to them when you have a spare moment. Cohen’s short farewell to Marianne Ihlen shows that a few honest sentences can be enough.

AUDIO SUMMARY AVAILABLE

Listen to Written in History in 15 minutes

Get the key ideas from Written in History by Simon Sebag Montefiore, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.

  • 5,000+ titles
  • Listen as much as you want
  • 7-day free trial
  • Cancel anytime

Written in History

Preview · Full summary 12 min 20 sec
Home

Discover

Open app

Log in