Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization
Scott Barry Kaufman
Shows that creativity is a mix of traits, not a single inborn gift, and how passion, sensitivity, openness, daydreaming, solitude and even hardship can be cultivated by anyone who wants to make more original work.

59 sec
If you have decided you are not a creative person, Scott Barry Kaufman and Carolyn Gregoire think you decided on bad evidence. In Wired To Create, the psychologist and the science writer argue that creativity is a mix of traits, some inborn and some learnable, rather than one gift handed out at birth. In the 1960s, the psychologist Frank X. Barron studied famous creative people and found no single source behind their work. Even IQ was just one ingredient.
That changes the question from whether you have it to which strands you can strengthen. The authors follow those strands one by one: passion, sensitivity, openness, a wandering mind, time alone, growth from pain and the nerve to look strange. Their examples run from Picasso’s abandoned sketches to Paul Klee painting with failing hands, and each strand comes with a habit you can start this week.
1 min 19 sec
Researchers once assumed a high IQ explained creative achievement. When one psychologist looked closely at celebrated creators, the picture fell apart, and what replaced it was far messier and far more encouraging.
1 min 26 sec
A four-year-old heard one instrument and knew her future. Psychologists who study moments like hers found something surprising about why some people can work for hours without burning out.
1 min 38 sec
Musicians at heavy metal festivals look like the toughest performers around. A psychologist who interviewed them found the opposite, and the trait she uncovered helps explain both creative output and everyday overwhelm.
1 min 33 sec
A change of scenery can flood the mind with ideas, and history suggests whole nations feel the same effect. Yet most adults resist the very habit that would bring it into daily life.
1 min 41 sec
Teachers scold daydreamers, yet a famous psychoanalyst drifted on purpose and an ancient mathematician found his answer in the bath. One style of meditation, it turns out, helps creativity far more than another.
1 min 35 sec
A frail philosopher walked the same route alone every day, and a great filmmaker retreated to a remote island. Their reasons say a lot about why constant connection may be costing you your best ideas.
1 min 34 sec
Most people who live through trauma report changing for the better in some way. One psychologist asked whether hardship also makes people more creative, and a dying painter’s final year offers a striking answer.
1 min 52 sec
A Renaissance thinker paid with his life for an idea now widely accepted, yet many of his other ideas were poor. That mix reveals what really separates creative geniuses from everyone else.
1 min 08 sec
What emerges from Wired To Create is a picture of creativity as many small forces working together. Passion, sensitivity, curiosity, daydreams, solitude, pain and nerve all play a part, and they often pull against one another, which is why the same person can seem bold and shy, troubled and healthy. The hopeful side of that messiness is that no single missing piece rules anyone out.
The habits the book supports are modest. Carry a notebook and pen, and catch the impressions, ideas and stray thoughts that pass through a day; the writer Joan Didion said the practice helped her grasp “how it felt to be me.” Guard an hour alone and offline, ideally walking, where your mind can wander. Break one routine on purpose, and when you chase a goal, picture the obstacles as clearly as the prize.
None of this promises a masterpiece. Picasso threw sketches away, Bruno had bad ideas and Klee worked with failing hands. What they kept doing was returning to the work, and that is open to anyone.
Many people quietly file themselves under not creative, as if creativity were handed out at birth to a lucky few. Psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman and science writer Carolyn Gregoire argue that this picture is wrong. Drawing on decades of psychology, they show that creativity has no single source. It is a collection of traits, some inborn and some acquired, and creative minds are full of contradictions, as messy as Picasso's discarded sketches for Guernica. The authors take the strands one at a time: the passion that begins with a crystallizing moment, the sensitivity that lets some people take in more of the world, the hunger for new experience, the value of daydreams and intuition, the need for solitude, the growth that can follow trauma and the willingness to fail in public. Each comes with research and with people, from Carl Jung and Immanuel Kant to Paul Klee and Giordano Bruno. Readers get a clear account of what creative people have in common and a set of habits to build the same strengths: open-monitoring meditation, solitary walks, breaking routines, mental contrasting and carrying a notebook.
Professionals who have long told themselves they are not the creative type.
Writers, designers and makers who feel stuck, distracted or overwhelmed by noise and constant messages.
People recovering from a hard time who want to turn it into something they make.
Scott Barry Kaufman is a humanistic psychologist with a PhD in cognitive psychology from Yale University. He has taught at Columbia, New York University and the University of Pennsylvania, founded and directs the Center for Human Potential, and hosted The Psychology Podcast from 2014 to 2025. Carolyn Gregoire is a former senior writer at the Huffington Post covering psychology, neuroscience and human behavior, with work published in Scientific American, TIME and Harvard Business Review.
Scott Barry Kaufman
Listeners find the work captivating and accessible, noting its educational introduction and thoroughly researched material. Furthermore, they value the perspectives on creativity, with one listener highlighting the effective use of both past and present-day illustrations. The title also earns acclaim for its motivational quality and narrative arc, as one listener specifically mentions the absorbing prose style. On the other hand, the tempo draws varied opinions; some listeners consider it gripping while others feel it is dull.
Ever wondered why your most brilliant ideas strike while you’re staring blankly at a kitchen wall? Kaufman and Gregoire dive deep into the chaotic, beautiful architecture of the creative mind, proving that being 'messy' is actually a prerequisite for innovation. I found the sections on 'open-monitoring' meditation and the necessity of solitude to be incredibly validating for my own daily process. It’s not your typical how-to guide filled with repetitive prompts, but rather a scientific justification for the quirky habits we often try to suppress. The research is dense, yet the prose remains accessible and surprisingly poetic at times. Frankly, it felt like someone finally handed me a comprehensive manual for my own brain.
Show moreWow, I didn't realize how much I needed to hear that my tendency to daydream isn't a flaw, but a vital part of the incubation process. Kaufman writes with such clarity about the 'messy' minds of creators, explaining why we often score high on both psychological health and psychopathology tests. This isn't just a feel-good book for artists; it’s a rigorously researched exploration of the human potential to make something from nothing. The stories of innovators who turned their outsiders' perspective into their greatest strength were incredibly moving. It’s the kind of book you want to keep on your shelf and revisit whenever you feel like you don’t fit the conventional mold.
Show morePersonally, I found this to be one of the most validating books I've ever read regarding the 'outsider' experience of being a creator. The way it weaves together the importance of play and the necessity of being a 'non-people pleaser' really hit home for me. It’s well-documented and uses such a wide array of examples—from Leonardo da Vinci to modern-day musicians—that you can't help but feel inspired. I actually found the density of the research to be a plus, as it moved beyond surface-level platitudes. If you’ve ever felt like your brain works a little differently than everyone else's, this book will feel like a rigorous defense of your process.
Show moreAs someone who has spent years studying the psychology of art, I found this collection of insights to be a solid, if familiar, survey of the field. The authors pull together threads from neuroscience and history—referencing everyone from Da Vinci to Asimov—to paint a portrait of the 'highly creative' individual. While much of the material on daydreaming and sensitivity echoed things I’ve read in 'The Artist’s Way,' the scientific backing here is much more robust. I did find the pacing a bit uneven, as some chapters felt more like a literature review than a cohesive narrative. However, the sheer volume of references in the back makes it a goldmine for anyone looking to dig deeper into primary sources.
Show moreThe chapter on 'turning adversity into advantage' completely shifted my perspective on how we process trauma through artistic expression and storytelling. This is a remarkably dense read despite the relatively low page count, mostly because the authors pack so many psychological studies into every paragraph. I appreciated that they didn’t try to sugarcoat the creative experience; they acknowledge that it’s often a result of psychological complexity and even 'messiness.' My only real gripe is that the book can feel a bit like a curated list of anecdotes rather than a single, driving argument. Still, the insights into 'paradoxical' personalities—like the introverted performer who appears extroverted on stage—were spot on and deeply resonant.
Show moreFinally got around to finishing this, and I have to say, the deep dive into 'intuition' and 'mindfulness' was well worth the wait. It’s rare to find a book that balances historical anecdotes with actual brain science without becoming overly dry or academic. I loved the mention of Isaac Asimov’s views on how the world fears new ideas; it put my own struggles with 'group think' into a much clearer context. While the book is relatively short, the bibliography is massive, which I always appreciate in non-fiction work. It’s a refreshing change of pace from the typical productivity-hack books that dominate the market these days, offering real depth instead of just motivation.
Show moreTo be fair, the structure of this book is excellent for skimming, but you’ll get so much more out of it if you take time with the concepts. I was particularly intrigued by the distinction between different types of meditation and how 'focused' attention might actually hinder the creative flow. The authors do a great job of explaining complex neurological processes in a way that feels intuitive and easy to grasp. I did find the frequent pull-quotes to be a bit repetitive, essentially making me read the same sentence twice on one page. Regardless, the content itself is high-quality and offers a lot of food for thought for any working artist or designer.
Show morePicked this up expecting a practical toolkit for boosting my output, but what I got was more of an academic overview of personality traits. Look, the information is fascinating and the book is undeniably well-organized into distinct habits like 'imaginative play' and 'thinking differently.' But if you’ve already read Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi or Elaine Aron, you might find yourself skimming through sections that feel like a recap of their work. It's a great primer for beginners who want to understand the science behind creativity, but seasoned creators might find the advice a bit thin on actual application. The formatting with the repeated pull-quotes was also a major distraction for me during the more dense sections.
Show moreAfter hearing so many recommendations, I finally dove in, but I ended up feeling a bit conflicted about the final product. On one hand, the synthesis of various psychological traits—like solitude and openness to experience—is handled with a lot of grace and intelligence. On the other hand, the book feels a bit like it’s checking off boxes rather than exploring the true 'mystery' of creativity. It’s an informative survey, but it lacks the 'aha!' moment I was searching for to kick-start my own projects. It’s a solid read for a plane ride or a quick weekend, but don't expect it to change your fundamental creative habits overnight.
Show moreNot what I expected after seeing all the positive hype on social media. Truth is, this felt like a glorified book report of every creativity guru from the last thirty years stitched together into a single volume. I was hoping for fresh breakthroughs or perhaps some unique neuroscience, but instead, I found myself reading summary after summary of studies I'd already encountered. The writing style is polished, almost too much so, making the whole thing feel a bit commercialized and safe. If you're completely new to the subject, you'll probably love it, but for me, it lacked the soul and original spark that a book on creativity should possess.
Show moreScott Barry Kaufman and Carolyn Gregoire argue that creativity is not one inborn gift. It is a mix of traits, some innate and some learnable, and creative minds are often full of contradictions. Psychologist Frank X. Barron found no single source of creativity, with IQ only one factor among many. The authors then show how passion, sensitivity, openness, daydreaming, solitude, growth from hardship and risk-taking can each be strengthened.
The authors favor open-monitoring meditation, where you notice thoughts as they arise without fixing on any of them. Cognitive psychologist Lorenza Colzato found that open-monitoring meditators scored much higher on a divergent-thinking test than people practicing focused-attention meditation, such as concentrating on the breath. Jonathan Schooler’s research suggests that locking attention on a single thing can hinder creative thinking.
The book suggests it can help. Researchers Richard Tedeschi and Lawrence Calhoun call it posttraumatic growth, supported by more than 300 studies in which about 70 percent of people showed positive change after trauma. Psychologist Marie Forgeard found that the more traumatic people’s worst experience, the larger the rise in creativity they reported. Painter Paul Klee made more than 1,200 works in a year after a terminal diagnosis.
Carry a notebook to capture ideas and impressions through the day, as the authors recommend. Take regular solitary walks without your phone, the way Immanuel Kant walked alone every day. Change small routines to break functional fixedness. Try open-monitoring meditation when stuck. And when pursuing a goal, use Gabriele Oettingen’s mental contrasting: picture the goal, then the obstacles, and plan for them.
It suits anyone who doubts their own creativity, as well as working creatives who want to understand their habits and moods. Highly sensitive people will find their trait explained as a source of ideas, not just overwhelm. Managers and teachers can use its findings on passion, routine-breaking and risk-taking to give others more room for original work.
Steven C. Hayes
Deborah Gruenfeld
Anthony Pratkanis
AUDIO SUMMARY AVAILABLE
Get the key ideas from Wired To Create by Scott Barry Kaufman, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.
