What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions
Randall Munroe answers ridiculous hypothetical questions with real physics, biology and math. Along the way he shows how to break any wild question into simple estimates and reach answers that surprise and teach.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
59 sec
A mid-range mobile phone can out-calculate the entire human race working by hand at once, and by a factor of about seventy. That is the kind of answer Randall Munroe reaches in What If?, a collection of popular answers from his blog plus many new ones, written by a physicist who once built robots at NASA. Most of us brush off absurd questions as something for bored children or anxious minds. Munroe treats them as real problems with real numbers.
His throughline is simple: take a ridiculous question seriously, break it into pieces you can estimate, and it will teach you something true about the world. The questions here range from a frozen Earth to a printed Wikipedia, a world without colds and a Facebook full of the dead. What you gain is a habit worth more than any single answer: turning idle wondering into a calculation you can check, and a surprising fact you can share.
2. Weigh every upside against the one fatal catch
1 min 27 sec
Switching off the Sun would end a danger that could cost trillions, make bridges unnecessary and simplify global business. The list of benefits is real, and so is the problem hiding at the very end of it.
3. Break a huge question into countable pieces
1 min 35 sec
Keeping a paper Wikipedia current sounds like a job for a warehouse of machines. The real number is startlingly small, and the true cost of the project turns up somewhere almost nobody would think to look.
4. Understand gravity by shrinking a planet
1 min 33 sec
On a world small enough to walk around in seconds, your own body would feel stretched, and leaving would take no rocket at all. Munroe shows how far everyday intuition breaks down once the scale changes.
5. Learn what it would cost to end the common cold
1 min 36 sec
A few weeks of everyone keeping apart would probably wipe out the virus behind most colds for good. Biology says yes. The rest of the bill, from immune health to the world economy, tells a darker story.
6. Do the math before trusting the soulmate idea
1 min 32 sec
If everyone had exactly one perfect partner, how likely would you be to meet yours? Munroe counts the glances in a lifetime, and the answer reshapes how a whole society might have to live.
7. Compare people and computers on fair terms
1 min 35 sec
By one measure, a single phone leaves all of humanity far behind. By another, one human brain outclasses the best supercomputer. Munroe finds a way to make the two measures meet, and the verdict is surprising.
8. Study instead: guessing every answer cannot win
1 min 37 sec
Millions of students sit a multiple-choice exam every year, and some answers are always guesses. Munroe asks how many perfect scores pure guessing would produce, and stretches the test until the Sun itself burns out.
9. Plan for an uncertain future with two scenarios
1 min 32 sec
Millions of social media accounts already belong to people who have died. Munroe asks when the dead will outnumber the living on Facebook, and his answer depends on one variable nobody can predict.
10. Conclusion
1 min 06 sec
What If? adds up to an argument for curiosity with a calculator. The questions are silly on purpose: a dark Sun, a planet you could sprint off, a binder of Wikipedia pages. The answers are not. Each one turns on a few honest assumptions and some multiplication, and each lands somewhere nobody expected, from half a million dollars of printer ink to a cure for colds that would end civilization.
The habit carries well beyond the jokes. When someone asks you an absurd question, a child, a colleague or your own idle mind, resist the urge to laugh it off. Write down one rate you know, state your assumption, and work the numbers until a result appears. Look for the one downside that cancels a list of upsides, and when the future is uncertain, give yourself a high and a low case in place of a single guess.
You may end up with a fact worth sharing and a questioner who feels taken seriously. Munroe’s gift is showing that the two usually arrive together.
About this book
What is this book about?
Most people treat silly questions as something for bored children or nervous worriers. Randall Munroe, a physicist who once built robots at NASA, treats them as real problems that deserve real numbers. What If? gathers popular answers from his blog along with many questions answered for the first time. The questions are deliberately absurd. What good would come from the Sun going dark? Could you sprint off a tiny planet like the one in The Little Prince? How many printers would a live paper copy of Wikipedia need? Would a few weeks of global isolation end the common cold? Munroe works each one out with a few stated assumptions and simple arithmetic, and the results are often far from what intuition predicts. Readers get a string of facts worth repeating, from six printers burning thousands of dollars of ink a day to a mobile phone that outpaces all of humanity. They also get a habit: turning a vague wondering into a calculation they can check, and spotting the one consequence that changes the whole answer.
Book Information
Who it's for
Professionals who enjoy science
Curious professionals who enjoy science and want a sharper instinct for estimating big numbers.
Students and teachers
Students and teachers looking for playful, memorable examples of physics, biology and probability at work.
Parents and colleagues
Parents and colleagues who get asked strange questions and want to answer them properly.
About the Author
Randall Munroe
Randall Munroe was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, and grew up near Richmond, Virginia. He studied physics at Christopher Newport University and went on to build robots at NASA Langley Research Center. In 2006 he left NASA to draw comics full time and has made the webcomic xkcd ever since. His work has earned Hugo Award nominations, and the asteroid 4942 Munroe carries his name. Besides What If?, he has written Thing Explainer, How To and What If? 2; What If? and Thing Explainer were New York Times bestsellers.
Ratings & Reviews
Ratings at a glance
What people think
Listeners find this book highly amusing and funny, with many experiencing moments of genuine laughter while listening. The work is thoroughly researched and full of information, delivering comprehensive explanations for ridiculous hypothetical scenarios in a clear, digestible manner. Listeners value its quality as a mind-stretching educational tool and frequently recommend it as an ideal gift for clever individuals, highlighting its particular popularity with pre-teen boys. Written in a simple yet captivating style, the material is easily accessible to all age groups.
Top reviews
Finally got around to reading this after seeing the xkcd comics for years. Randall Munroe takes the most ridiculous inquiries—like everyone on Earth jumping at once—and applies actual physics to them. The Rhode Island apocalypse scenario was both terrifying and side-splittingly funny. It’s rare to find a book that treats "stupid" questions with such rigorous intellectual respect. Frankly, it makes science feel like a playground rather than a lecture hall. The stick-figure illustrations add that perfect touch of deadpan humor. If you want to know how a steak gets cooked when dropped from space, this is your bible. A must-read for anyone who still has a sense of wonder.
Show moreEver wonder what would happen if the moon just vanished? This book provides the answers you didn't know you needed. Munroe uses his NASA background to explore the logistical nightmares of absurd scenarios with terrifying precision. The section on astatine—and why you should never, ever go near it—had me laughing out loud in a public cafe. It’s the perfect gift for that "smart" person in your life who is hard to buy for. The truth is, it’s just pure, unadulterated fun. It turns the world into a giant physics simulation where anything can happen. I’ve already bought two more copies for my nephews.
Show moreWow, I didn't think a book about physics would make me cry-laugh. Munroe’s deadpan delivery is the secret sauce here. When he talks about the sudden stop at the end of a fall or the sheer danger of certain elements, it’s just gold. The chapter on finding your soulmate through pure probability was a highlight for me because it was so bleak yet mathematically sound. It’s informative, hilarious, and deeply satisfying for anyone who likes to ask "why?" until it breaks. Truth be told, I learned more about kinetic energy from the steak-dropping chapter than I did in all of high school. Five stars, no question.
Show moreFrankly, it's a breath of fresh air in the non-fiction world. Too often, science books are either too dry or too "dumbed down," but Munroe hits the sweet spot. He treats questions about cheese-cutting wires and wind turbines with the same level of detail you'd expect from a scientific journal, but with ten times the wit. The deadpan "NO" on the astatine safety sheet is probably my favorite joke in a book this year. It’s an entertaining ride from start to finish. If you’ve ever wondered about the limitations of wax as an adhesive (poor Icarus!), you need this on your shelf immediately.
Show moreAs someone who isn't exactly a math whiz, I was worried this might go over my head. To be fair, a few sections about relativistic speeds felt a bit dense, but Munroe’s writing style is incredibly accessible. He has this gift for simplifying complex orbital mechanics into something a layman can chuckle at. I particularly loved the "weird and worrying" section where he just lists questions he refused to answer, like the one about the cheese-cutting wire. It’s informative without being dry. My only minor gripe is that the pacing can feel a bit repetitive if you try to read it all in one sitting. It’s better as a "dip-in-and-out" coffee table book.
Show morePicked this up for my thirteen-year-old son, but I ended up stealing it from his bedside table for a week. It’s a fantastic mind-expanding thought stimulator that makes learning feel like a secret you’re being let in on. The way Munroe calculates the power output of Yoda compared to a nuclear reactor is exactly the kind of thing that gets kids (and adults) interested in STEM. The writing is simple, engaging, and never talks down to the reader. My only complaint is that I wanted even more of the "unanswered" questions because they were so bizarre. Definitely a great addition to any library.
Show moreThe chapter on what would happen if the Earth stopped spinning but the atmosphere kept moving was genuinely haunting. Munroe has a way of taking a silly premise and following it to its most catastrophic, logical conclusion. I loved the balance between the hilarious stick-figure drawings and the actual, heavy-duty research. It's a quick read, but you'll find yourself thinking about it for days afterward. My experience was that it’s best consumed in small chunks rather than wolfing it down. Some of the math can get a little "whoosh" over your head, but the punchlines always land. A solid 4-star read for any curious mind.
Show moreAfter hearing my friends rave about xkcd, I finally picked this up. It’s an absolute blast. The hypothetical about draining the oceans through a portal was fascinating, especially the part about the Netherlands. Munroe is clearly a genius, but he writes in a way that feels like a conversation at a bar with a very smart friend. Some of the more technical pages on hair dryers or specific math problems were a bit much for me, but the humor always pulled me back in. It's a great "gift book" because almost anyone can find something to laugh at. Very glad I gave it a chance!
Show moreLook, the science is obviously brilliant, but the charm wore off for me about halfway through. Some of the hypotheticals, like the hair dryer in a box, felt like they were dragging on for pages when a shorter answer would have sufficed. I’m a fan of xkcd, but the transition from a three-panel comic to a full chapter can feel a bit thin at times. Personally, I enjoyed the shorter, weirder questions more than the long-form analysis of draining the oceans. It’s a clever concept and definitely well-researched, but it got a bit "samey" after a while. Still worth a look if you love trivia and physics, but maybe borrow it from a friend first.
Show moreNot what I expected based on the hype. I found the tone a bit too smug at points, like a front-row student constantly trying to show off. Some questions were genuinely interesting, like the global jump, but others felt totally pointless. The bits where he skips questions entirely, like the turkey transformation, felt like a cop-out. I wanted more answers and less of the "I'm too smart to answer this" vibe. If you’re already a huge fan of the webcomic, you’ll probably love it, but for a casual reader, it’s a bit disjointed. It just didn't click for me.
Show moreQuestions about this book
What is the main idea of What If? by Randall Munroe?
Munroe argues that even the most ridiculous hypothetical question can teach and entertain when you take it seriously. He answers questions like what would happen if the Sun went dark or whether you could run off a tiny planet, using a few stated assumptions and simple math. The answers are often far from what intuition suggests, such as only six printers being enough to keep a paper Wikipedia current.
How many printers would it take to print Wikipedia live?
About six, by Munroe’s estimate. English Wikipedia gets roughly 125,000 to 150,000 edits a day, or 90 to 100 a minute, and he assumes one reprinted page per edit. A good inkjet prints about 15 pages a minute. The catch is cost: ink alone would run 4,000 to 5,000 dollars a day, and the project would burn through about half a million dollars within a month or two.
Could quarantine wipe out the common cold?
Munroe says a few weeks of everyone staying apart probably would, since the immune system usually clears rhinoviruses in about ten days and animals do not seem to carry them. But people with weak immune systems can stay infected for years, mild colds strengthen immunity, and pausing a world economy of about 80 trillion dollars a year would cost many trillions. He concludes it would probably collapse civilization.
How can I apply the ideas in What If?
The book’s own advice is to try the math. When someone asks you a silly question, work it out: start from a rate you know, state your assumptions, and calculate step by step. Munroe’s examples also suggest checking a list of benefits for one overwhelming downside, multiplying probabilities before trusting a shortcut, and forecasting with a pessimistic and an optimistic scenario.
Who should read What If?
It suits curious readers who like science but want it fun and concrete, students who learn best from memorable examples, and anyone who gets asked strange questions by children or colleagues. Each answer is short and self-contained, covering topics from gravity on a tiny planet to the odds of guessing a perfect SAT score, so it works well in small doses.
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