Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
Simon Blackburn
A guided tour of philosophy's biggest questions, from whether the world is real to whether we choose freely, with practical tools for testing arguments, reading probabilities and judging responsibility.

59 sec
Most of us run our lives on assumptions we have never checked: that the world is real, that other people feel what we feel, that our choices are our own. In Think, the English philosopher Simon Blackburn takes those assumptions one by one and shows how to test them. His first move comes from René Descartes: doubt everything you can, and one thing survives, the fact that someone is doing the doubting.
That spirit runs through the whole book. Philosophy, as Blackburn presents it, is a practiced way of questioning, and its tools work on a news headline or a medical result as well as on the soul. The path here runs from certainty to reasoning, then to minds, freedom and the self. Along it you pick up working instruments: a check for whether an argument holds, a guard against misreading probabilities, and a way to keep holding people responsible even if every choice has a cause.
2 min 07 sec
A French mathematician imagined a being that could fake everything you see and feel. Instead of despairing, he kept doubting until he struck something solid, and his method still works on beliefs that matter to you.
1 min 58 sec
Some arguments sound convincing and still collapse under inspection. A few simple instruments from formal logic expose the difference, including one small word that changes meaning when it moves inside a sentence.
1 min 55 sec
An accurate medical test says you have a rare disease. Assuming the worst is a common pitfall, because it overlooks how rare the disease is. The same mistake hides in many alarms you will meet at work.
2 min 13 sec
You watch a friend wince and assume you know what they feel. Philosophers have imagined people who act exactly like us with nothing going on inside, and no test of behavior could tell them apart.
2 min 04 sec
If every choice follows from earlier causes, blaming anyone starts to look like scolding a tree for its seasons. One school of philosophers argues responsibility survives anyway, and its test is surprisingly practical.
1 min 58 sec
Your body has changed and most of your memories are gone, yet you feel like the same person. Four great philosophers disagree about why, and one of their answers shapes how courts assign blame.
1 min 11 sec
Think is a book about the ground under your feet. Every big question in it, from the reality of the world to the identity of the person in the mirror, begins with something we take for granted and asks what holds it up. Sometimes the answer is solid, as with Descartes’ thinking self or a valid syllogism about Socrates. Often it is thinner than expected, and the honest response is to hold the belief more lightly while still acting on it, the way compatibilists keep praise and blame alive in a world full of causes.
The habits are small enough to start this week. When a claim matters, pull its premises apart from its conclusion and check whether the one forces the other. When a test or alert comes back positive, ask first how rare the thing it detects really is. When you judge someone’s action, ask whether they could have responded to reasons, since on the compatibilist view that is what freedom amounts to.
Descartes never asked anyone to believe in his demon. He used it to find out what would survive. Whatever you still believe after that kind of testing is genuinely your own.
Most people never check the beliefs they rely on every day: that the world around them is real, that other people feel what they feel, that their choices are their own, that they are the same person they were years ago. Simon Blackburn's Think takes these assumptions one at a time and asks what actually holds them up. He starts with René Descartes, who doubted everything he could and found one point that would not move: the thinking self. From there the book turns to the tools of careful reasoning, including valid arguments, truth tables, quantifiers, induction and the base rate trap in probability. It then applies the same scrutiny to the hard questions: how one mind can know another, whether free will survives determinism, and what makes a person the same over time. Readers get a clear map of the classic debates, with Hume, Locke, Reid, Kant, Leibniz and Schopenhauer each in their place. They also leave with habits they can use straight away: a check for any argument, a guard against misreading test results, and a fair way to keep holding people responsible.
Curious professionals who want a clear first map of philosophy's big questions.
Students starting philosophy who need Descartes, Hume, Locke and Kant placed side by side.
Anyone who wants sharper habits for judging arguments, probabilities and responsibility at work.
Simon Blackburn is an English philosopher, born in 1944, known for his academic work in metaethics, where he defends a view called quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language. He was a Fellow and Tutor at Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1969 to 1990, also taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and retired as Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge in 2011. The British Academy elected him a fellow in 2002. His other books include Ethics, Being Good and The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Simon Blackburn
Listeners consider this work on philosophy to be an absorbing entry point, with one review praising its clear delivery of philosophical thoughts. The book also works as a high-quality introductory text; one listener specifically notes its effectiveness as a syllabus guide for college courses. Additionally, listeners are impressed by the clear writing, readability, and overall ease of comprehension.
The chapter on reasoning alone is worth the price of admission. Blackburn introduces symbolic logic and truth-tables in a way that is both challenging and illuminating. I was fascinated by how he used Frege to show how math can overcome the ambiguity of everyday language. This book doesn’t just tell you what philosophers thought; it teaches you how to use their tools to evaluate your own life. From the fallacy of ignoring the base rate to Bayes' theorem, the practical applications of logic are presented clearly. It is a high-quality primer for anyone who wants to sharpen their mental faculties and understand the mechanics of a good argument. I wish I had read this years ago before getting into endless internet debates.
Show moreWow, Blackburn actually makes the most complex ideas feel accessible without stripping away their inherent depth. I’ve read a few 'intro to philosophy' books that were either too shallow or way too academic, but this hits the sweet spot. The way he handles the concept of free will and predetermined fate is particularly compelling. He takes these abstract notions and shows how they impact our view of humanity and justice. It is an engaging read that truly lives up to its title. I felt like I had a much better grasp of epistemology after finishing the chapter on knowledge. It is a compelling introduction that clarifies the value of the entire field. Highly recommended for the curious mind.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this and it is easily the best introduction to the field I’ve encountered. The book provides a masterful overview of everything from the immortality of the soul to the nature of perception and the existence of God. I loved the section on whether matter even exists without someone to conceive it—it really makes you rethink your entire reality! The flow of the text is excellent, and the way Blackburn connects different thinkers across history makes the subject feel like a grand, ongoing conversation. It is clear, persuasive, and incredibly thought-provoking for anyone interested in the big questions of life. If you want to understand the true value of philosophy, start right here.
Show moreAs a student starting a philosophy major, this was exactly what I needed to bridge the gap between casual interest and academic study. It serves as an excellent syllabus guide, providing a solid framework for approaching the 'big questions' of existence and perception. I loved how the book didn't just give me the answers but explained why the questions themselves are so vital to our understanding of the world. The breakdown of the ontological and cosmological arguments was particularly helpful for my class discussions. While some of the older quotes are admittedly a bit tough to digest, Blackburn’s commentary usually clears things up. It is a compelling introduction that demands your full attention—you really do have to 'think' to get through it, but the payoff is immense.
Show moreFrankly, I found this to be one of the more rewarding philosophy books I’ve picked up lately. It is not a light read by any means, but the clarity it brings to topics like the mind-body problem is impressive once you get into the rhythm of the prose. Blackburn manages to make Descartes and Wittgenstein feel relevant to a modern audience. I particularly appreciated the chapter on the Self; the discussion on whether we are the same person we were at age five was a real brain-bender that I couldn't stop thinking about. My only gripe is that the author’s own biases occasionally leak through, especially in the religious sections. Still, if you are looking for a serious introduction that doesn't treat you like a child, this is a great choice.
Show morePicked this up to refresh some old college memories and it did the trick. The book is short and concise, yet it packs a punch in every chapter. I found the arguments against the testimony of miracles by Hume to be brilliantly presented and easy to follow. Not gonna lie, some of the paragraphs require a few passes to fully click, but the effort is worth the reward. It is a fantastic way to gain a taste of what professional philosophy looks like without having to dive into a 500-page tome. The structure is logical, and the thematic approach works much better than a strictly historical one would have. It definitely makes you re-think your assumptions about the world and your place in it.
Show moreI really wanted to like this as a beginner's guide, but it is a bit of a mixed bag. Blackburn does a decent job categorizing the major themes like knowledge, the self, and ethics. However, the writing style is incredibly dense in parts. I found the section on the 'Cartesian circle' interesting, yet the way it was explained made my head spin. Truth is, some chapters are much more readable than others. The chapter on 'The World' was fascinating, but the ethics section at the end felt rushed and incomplete compared to the earlier deep dives. It is a good enough refresher if you have studied this stuff before, but absolute novices might find the meandering sentences and the high-level vocabulary a bit much for a first-timer.
Show moreCan we talk about the writing style for a second? Blackburn is clearly a brilliant guy, but he is not always the best at explaining things simply. I struggled with the chapter on reasoning where he dives into symbolic logic—it is important stuff, but the presentation is quite dry and feels disconnected from the more 'human' elements of the earlier chapters. On the pro side, the book does succeed in showing why these questions matter for a better society. It makes you reconsider your own perceptions of reality and fate. But personally, the frequent focus on Hume and Locke while neglecting Kant's deeper nuances felt like a missed opportunity. It is an okay starting point, but I am still searching for that perfect, accessible intro to the field.
Show moreThis was a total slog. It’s pitched as an introduction, but frankly, it is remarkably heavy going for a beginner. I found myself re-reading the same sentences five times just to figure out what Blackburn was trying to say. By the time I got to the chapter on God, I felt like the author was subtly nudging me toward his own atheistic viewpoint rather than letting me 'think' for myself. He quotes people like St. Anselm, but the medieval language is just as impenetrable as his own modern prose. To be fair, I appreciate the attempt to cover the big questions, but a basic introduction shouldn't feel like such a chore. If you want a quick primer, you are probably better off watching a YouTube summary than fighting through these meandering paragraphs.
Show moreIs it just me, or is the author trying way too hard to sound deep? Look, I’ve always wanted to understand things like free will and the soul, but after 100 pages, I started to think philosophy might actually be a waste of time. The book just walks in circles without ever landing on a solid point. For example, the whole bit about whether we can blame a criminal for 'destined' actions feels like overthinking a practical problem to the point of absurdity. The analogies often complicate things rather than clarifying them. I wanted a book that would refresh my knowledge of ontology and epistemology, but this felt more like a collection of confusing pub discussions. It is a letdown if you are looking for clear, simple definitions of philosophical categories.
Show moreThink is an introduction to philosophy built around a handful of large questions: what we can know, how reasoning works, how one mind can know another, whether we have free will and what makes a person the same over time. Blackburn moves through thinkers such as Descartes, Leibniz, Schopenhauer, Hume, Reid, Locke and Kant, showing each question as an assumption we normally live by and testing what actually supports it.
It is Descartes’ conclusion, usually translated as I think, therefore I am. After imagining an Evil Demon that could fake every experience, Descartes noticed that doubting is itself thinking, so the existence of the thinker cannot be doubted. He then argued that clear and distinct ideas grasped by the intellect, like knowing melted and solid wax are one substance, are the basis of real knowledge.
The book sets out a dilemma: if every event follows from earlier causes, our choices seem fixed, yet randomness would leave us no more in control. Its most promising answer is compatibilism, which says an action is free when it comes from your own deliberation, even if that deliberation has causes. What marks a free agent is the ability to respond to new information and change course.
Blackburn’s example is a highly accurate medical test for a rare disease. A positive result feels like near certainty, but because the disease is rare in the population, the result is far from a guarantee. Ignoring how common something is to begin with leads people to overestimate what a single result means. Tools such as Bayes’ theorem help weigh the numbers properly.
Three habits follow directly from the book. Separate any argument’s premises from its conclusion and check whether the conclusion must follow, watching for all and some changing places. Before reacting to an alarming result, ask how rare the underlying problem is. And when judging someone’s action, ask whether they could have responded to reasons, the compatibilist test for responsibility.
William B. Irvine
Nigel Warburton
John Rawls
Colin Ward
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