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14 min 30 sec
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Ethics: A Very Short Introduction

A short, clear defense of ethics against its usual doubters, from the loss of God to relativism and selfish genes, with a working map of the main moral theories and the hard questions of life and death.

Table of Content

Most of us judge right and wrong all day, yet we freeze when someone shrugs and says morality is just opinion, or that everyone is secretly selfish. In Ethics: A Very Short Introduction, the Cambridge philosopher Simon Blackburn argues that those shrugs are not real arguments, and he takes them apart one at a time.

His starting point is that humans are ethical animals. By that he means we constantly grade, admire, condemn and justify, whether or not we behave well. That habit creates a moral climate as real as the air around us, one we inherit and can also change.

Blackburn’s case is that the popular reasons for giving up on ethics, from the loss of God to selfish genes, all fail. What survives is a shared conversation in which people give each other reasons about how to live. Follow his argument and you gain replies for the cynic at the dinner table, a working map of the three great moral theories, and a sharper ear for slogans that only sound absolute.

The ideas about right and wrong you absorbed as a child feel like plain common sense. Blackburn argues that this invisibility is exactly what makes them risky, and that ordinary people have the power to reshape them.

When religious belief faded in the West, many expected morality to collapse along with it. An argument from Plato and a plain question about who sets speed limits suggest the fear was misplaced from the start.

Different peoples can be horrified by each other’s customs, as Herodotus’ story of Darius shows with Greeks and Indians and their opposite funeral practices. The familiar shrug that follows hides a mistake, and spotting it changes how hard conversations end.

A popular story says kindness is only disguised self-interest, written into our DNA. Blackburn shows where that story cheats, using a lifeboat, a mother’s love and a computer that plays chess.

Some of the biggest dangers to ethics come from people who take morality very seriously. Impossible standards and clever unmasking can push reasonable people to quit, and Blackburn shows what to do instead.

Abortion, mortality and the meaning of life are where slogans grow loudest. Blackburn brings an acorn, an ancient argument about death and a child’s smile to questions most people only shout about.

Philosophers have argued for centuries over whether to follow rules, count consequences or build character. Blackburn shows what each map gets right, where each fails, and why he turns to Hume’s idea of a common point of view.

Blackburn’s book adds up to a quiet restoration of confidence. Ethics never depended on a divine lawgiver, a single truth every culture accepts, or proof that people are saints. It depends on things we already have: feelings we can share, reasons we can give each other, and a moral climate that responds to what we say and show, the way one photograph of children fleeing napalm may have achieved more morally than all of contemporary moral philosophy.

That changes how ordinary arguments can go. When someone says it is all opinion, you can ask for their reasons. When a debate shrinks to one ringing phrase, you can ask what it would forbid if applied everywhere. And when a choice is hard, you can test it three ways, by asking what if everybody did it, what it will bring about, and what a good person would do, before checking that your answer could stand from a common point of view.

You have lived inside an ethical climate since the day you were born. What remains open is whether you help shape it with reasons, or leave it to the loudest slogan.

About this book

What is this book about?

Everyone judges right and wrong all day. Yet when someone says morality is only opinion, or that people are selfish underneath, many of us have no answer. Simon Blackburn wrote this short introduction for that moment. He starts from the idea that humans are ethical animals who constantly grade, admire and justify, and that together we create a moral climate as real as the physical one. The first part of the book takes on seven threats to ethics: the death of God, relativism, egoism, evolutionary theory, determinism, demands that ask too much, and critiques that claim to unmask morality as a cover for power. Blackburn dismisses some of these outright and grants the unmasking critiques some truth, though he argues they call for better ethics, not for giving it up. He moves on to practical questions about abortion, death, the meaning of life, freedom and rights, and finishes with the foundations: Kant, the utilitarians, Aristotle, social contracts and his own sympathy for David Hume. Readers get replies to the cynic, a feel for how the big theories differ, and a lasting suspicion of moral slogans that sound absolute.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Philosophy

Topics:

Ethics

Publisher:

Oxford University Press

Language:

English

Narrator:

Hannah

First published:

January 1, 2009

Pages:

107

Length:

14 min 30 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Employees facing moral pushback

    Professionals who freeze when a colleague dismisses a moral concern as just opinion.

  • Classroom and independent learners

    Students and lifelong learners who want a clear, short map of Kant, the utilitarians, Aristotle and Hume.

  • Parents and workplace leaders

    Team leads and parents who know they shape a moral climate and want to do it with reasons.

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About the Author

Simon Blackburn

Simon Blackburn, born in 1944, is an English philosopher best known for his academic work in metaethics, where he defends a view called quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language. He taught at Oxford, Cambridge and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a Fellow and Tutor at Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1969 to 1990, and retired as Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge in 2011. The British Academy elected him a Fellow in 2002. His other books include Think, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy and Being Good.

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Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.3

Overall score based on 307 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find that while perspectives differ on how objectively the author handles scientific and religious viewpoints, many value the work as an enlightening introduction for novices. Furthermore, they appreciate the wide-ranging survey of significant moral frameworks from thinkers like Aristotle, Hume, and Kant. They also suggest the text capably explores difficult ethical questions like abortion and social responsibility, with one listener remarking that the treatment is remarkably deep for such a concise volume.

Top reviews

Roongsak

Ever wonder why we feel the persistent need to justify our preferences to everyone around us? Blackburn starts with the premise that humans are 'ethical animals,' and he does a fantastic job exploring how we evaluate and compare our lives. This book was truly eye-opening for me, particularly the sections dealing with high-stakes moral dilemmas like abortion and our wider social responsibilities. It isn't just a list of theories; it’s an investigation into the very climate of ideas that rules our political and social world. The writing is sharp and engaging, making complex topics like nihilism feel accessible to a general audience. For a 'very short introduction,' it provides a surprisingly comprehensive look at what it means to live a good life.

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Samira

Surprising depth can be found in such a slim volume, especially regarding the 'ethical environment' that surrounds us daily. Blackburn manages to explain that ethics isn't just about telling people what to do, but about the tendencies and feelings we often fail to recognize in ourselves. I found his treatment of complex topics like abortion and the foundations of reason to be quite thought-provoking and balanced. He does an excellent job of distilling the essence of various philosophical theories without getting bogged down in too much academic jargon. Some might find his tone a bit dismissive of certain traditions, but the breadth of coverage is undeniably impressive for a book of this size. It definitely gave me a lot to think about regarding my own moral compass.

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Caleb

Finally got around to reading this, and it’s a brilliant primer for anyone new to philosophy who wants to understand our moral landscape. Blackburn addresses the big questions—like whether religion is the foundation of ethics or just a symbolic expression of it—with wit and clarity. I was particularly impressed by how he handled modern dilemmas such as social responsibility and the value of human dignity. It is a comprehensive treatment for such a short format, covering everyone from Hume to Rawls in a way that feels relevant to 21st-century life. The book effectively highlights how our standards of behavior are woven into our drama, literature, and everyday choices. If you want a quick but deep dive into why we act the way we do, this is it.

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Luckana

This pocket-sized guide manages to pack a significant punch despite the obvious space constraints of the series. Blackburn provides a remarkably comprehensive survey of ethical thought, weaving together the ideas of heavyweights like Kant and Aristotle without making it feel like a dry history lesson. Truth be told, I noticed a distinct leaning toward Hume’s perspectives, which might bother those seeking absolute neutrality in their primers. However, the way he frames our 'ethical environment' as a climate of ideas we inhabit is both poetic and deeply practical. It’s an eye-opening read for beginners that doesn't shy away from modern complexities like social responsibility. While some sections feel rushed, the overall breadth is impressive for such a short format.

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Fang

Gotta say, the book serves its purpose as a basic introduction, but it doesn't always go deep enough into the 'why' behind the theories. It’s a small little book that summarizes the most prominent ethical frameworks, which is great for a quick overview before an exam. Blackburn is a talented writer, though his tendency to skip over the nuances of relativism and nihilism left me wanting more meat on the bone. He suggests that common human needs are enough to ground ethics, but that feels a bit optimistic in our current polarized climate. It’s a solid starting point for those who have only recently delved into philosophy, but you'll likely need to read more specialized texts to get a full picture. Not bad, just a bit thin in places.

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Somkid

As a student of theology, I felt the dismissal of religious ethics was a bit too glib and relied on simplistic critiques. Blackburn basically brushes off deity-based morality in the opening sections, which seems like a missed opportunity for a more nuanced discussion given how central religion is to global ethics. To be fair, once he moves past that, his summaries of Rawls and the challenges of moral relativism are actually quite helpful for a novice. He asks the right questions about how we can settle disputes when different cultures have competing versions of the 'good.' I just wish he had engaged more seriously with figures like Aquinas or Augustine instead of treating them as historical footnotes. It’s a decent starting point, but it definitely feels like it has a specific agenda.

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Gung

Picked this up on a whim for my introductory course, and it serves as an adequate, if slightly lopsided, primer. Blackburn covers the big names like Aristotle, Locke, and Kant with enough clarity for someone who has never touched philosophy before. However, I struggled to find a satisfying answer to how we actually settle moral disputes when common humanity isn't enough to bridge the gap. He argues that we all agree on things like happiness being better than misery, but real-world debates over torture and violence suggest otherwise. It’s a good book for opening your eyes to the major issues, but it leaves some of the most difficult metaphysical questions unanswered. Useful for students, but keep a critical eye on the author's assumptions.

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Connor

The lack of structure here made it incredibly difficult to follow the flow of arguments from one chapter to the next. While the actual material is easy enough to grasp, the book feels more like a collection of scattered thoughts than a cohesive introduction to ethics. Look, Blackburn is clearly a huge fan of David Hume, but it gets to the point where it feels like he should have just written a biography of Hume instead. Every ethical question seems to loop back to Hume’s ideas as the superior solution, which results in a very biased introduction. I was looking for a neutral overview of the field, but instead, I got a guided tour of the author's personal preferences. Not the best entry point for a beginner.

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Liam

Not what I expected from an Oxford University Press publication, as it felt more like a personal manifesto than an objective introduction. The author seems curiously avoidant of reading scientific literature that might challenge his philosophical premises, particularly regarding biological history. His dismissal of various viewpoints felt shorthand and occasionally condescending, which is disappointing for a series meant to educate beginners. I really wanted to like this book for what it was, but the biased framing and the somewhat disjointed structure made it a frustrating experience. It’s a issue-heavy introduction that spends more time defending a specific viewpoint than presenting the full spectrum of ethical thought. I regret spending the afternoon on the whole thing because the execution was so uneven.

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Roydao

I found the author’s treatment of biological science to be willfully ignorant and frankly insulting to the reader's intelligence. Blackburn spends far too much time attacking a straw-man version of evolutionary biology, specifically misrepresenting the 'Selfish Gene' concept as a literal mandate for human egoism. It is embarrassing to see a scholar at this level avoid scientific literature that doesn't fit his narrow philosophical premises. Rather than engaging with actual zoological findings on animal altruism, he retreats into outdated tropes to bolster his own views. This isn't just a poorly written essay; it feels ethically compromising to present such a biased, anti-science perspective in an introductory textbook. Avoid this one if you value intellectual honesty or factual accuracy.

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Questions about this book

Simon Blackburn argues that humans are ethical animals who constantly grade, admire and justify, and that together we create an ethical climate as real as the physical environment. He then defends ethics against seven threats, including the death of God, relativism, egoism and evolutionary debunking, showing that none of them makes moral reasoning pointless. What survives is a shared conversation grounded in reasons people can offer each other.

No. He argues that people set up laws, rights and courts among themselves, much as nobody needed a god to set a speed limit. He uses Plato’s Euthyphro dilemma to question divine-command ethics, and follows Kant in calling obedience driven only by fear of punishment servile. For Blackburn, religion is more a showcase for ethics than its foundation, and the death of God clears the ground instead of endangering morality.

He points out that stretching self-interest to cover anything a person cares about, like stepping aside for others at a lifeboat, empties the word of meaning. Explaining how mother-love evolved does not make it fake, and he calls it nonsense to read human selfishness from Dawkins’s selfish gene metaphor. Against genetic determinism, he notes that people, like a chess program reacting to moves, respond to the moral climate around them.

Blackburn discusses Kant’s rule-based approach and its categorical imperative, the utilitarianism of Bentham and Mill, which seeks the greatest happiness of the greatest number, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics, which builds good character through practice. He also examines social contract theories, which he finds limited because people bring their existing biases into the agreement, and he leans toward David Hume’s sentiment-based view built on a common point of view.

When someone ends a debate by calling it opinion, ask for their reasons. Be wary of short moral slogans that sound absolute, such as accusations of playing God, and ask what they would forbid if applied everywhere. For hard choices, combine three questions: what if everybody did this, what will it bring about, and what would a good person do. Remember too that your own goodness may simply reflect never having been seriously tempted.

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