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Supremacy: AI, ChatGPT, and the Race that Will Change the World

Follows Sam Altman and Demis Hassabis as their dreams of safe, world-saving AI run into the computing costs that pushed them toward Google and Microsoft, and shows what that means for who controls AI today.

Table of Content

Most people now use AI tools without knowing who steers them. In Supremacy, Bloomberg Opinion columnist Parmy Olson argues that the answer was settled by a few deals, and that the two men most determined to make AI serve humanity ended up handing it to the largest companies on Earth. Sam Altman and Demis Hassabis both set out to build machines as smart as people, and both promised to protect the world from what they built.

Both hit the same wall: that kind of intelligence needs more computing power than any startup can afford. That need, Olson shows, pulled DeepMind into Google and OpenAI into Microsoft, and turned a scientific dream into a commercial race where safety keeps losing to speed. Follow the story and every AI headline gets easier to read: who paid for it, who profits, and who was asked to stay quiet.

One grew up a math prodigy in America, the other a chess prodigy in North London. Each failed with his first company, and each drew a lesson from that failure that would push AI forward.

DeepMind’s founders turned down a richer buyer and wrote strict conditions into their sale. Their protections looked solid on paper. What happened to them shows the real price of a powerful partner.

OpenAI began as a nonprofit built to keep any single company from owning the future. Within three years its most famous backer had walked out, and the lab that remained behaved very differently.

Google’s researchers created the design that powers today’s chatbots, then watched a small rival turn it into the product everyone talks about. The reasons for that hesitation will sound familiar to anyone inside a successful company.

One senior researcher walked away to start a rival lab. Two others refused to soften a paper and lost their jobs. Their fates reveal a pattern you can watch for in any organization.

A modest research preview drew more than 30 million users by early 2023 and split the industry into two camps. Behind one camp sat a philosophy popular in Silicon Valley, and even its own leaders had doubts.

OpenAI’s board removed its famous chief executive, and for a moment the brakes seemed to work. What happened next showed where power in AI actually sits, and what it may cost everyone else.

Supremacy is finally a story about good intentions meeting the price of computing. Altman wanted to save the world from AI; Hassabis wanted AI to explain the universe. Neither set out to serve an advertising business or a cloud market. Yet each built something too costly to run alone, and each accepted a giant’s terms: an ethics board that disappeared, a nonprofit reshaped around capped profits, a partnership strong enough to bring a fired chief executive back. Olson’s verdict is that Microsoft and Google now steer the AI revolution, and that ethics and social well-being often give way when they slow the race.

The story offers habits that work far beyond Silicon Valley. When a company announces a lofty mission, look at who supplies its money and its machines, because the decisions tend to settle there. When a new model launches, notice whether its makers say what data trained it and who did the hidden labor. When a firm’s critics start leaving or being fired, read it as a signal of where its priorities now sit.

Two founders set out to build an intelligence for everyone. Olson leaves us asking whom it answers to now.

About this book

What is this book about?

Artificial intelligence now writes, codes, draws and keeps people company, yet few users know who steers it or why. Parmy Olson answers that question by following two founders. Sam Altman, a former Stanford computer science student turned star investor, cofounded OpenAI. Demis Hassabis, a London chess prodigy and game designer, built DeepMind. Both wanted machines as smart as people, and both promised to protect humanity from what they built. Olson shows how one practical need, enormous computing power, undid those promises. DeepMind sold to Google with an ethics board that soon vanished. OpenAI took a billion dollars from Microsoft. Google sat on the transformer its own researchers had invented, while OpenAI used it to build GPT and then ChatGPT. Along the way, researchers who raised alarms about bias were pushed out, and a boardroom attempt to slow OpenAI down quickly fell apart once Altman was reinstated. Readers get the inside story of the race behind ChatGPT, the people and deals that shaped it, and a clear way to judge AI news: follow the money, the machines and the fate of the critics.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Entrepreneurship & Startups, Technology & the Future

Topics:

Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Power Dynamics

Publisher:

Macmillan

Language:

English

Narrator:

Luke

First published:

September 10, 2024

Pages:

336

Length:

15 min 35 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Professionals using ChatGPT

    Professionals who use ChatGPT at work and want to know who shapes it and why.

  • Founders weighing big partnerships

    Founders weighing a deal with a big partner who could absorb their mission.

  • Worried about AI harms

    Readers worried about AI bias, privacy and Big Tech power who want the inside story.

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About the Author

Parmy Olson

Parmy Olson is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist who covers technology, with a focus on regulation, artificial intelligence and social media. She previously reported for the Wall Street Journal and Forbes, where she wrote early on about the subprime mortgage crisis, ran the London bureau from 2008 to 2012 and then moved to San Francisco. She is known for her reporting on the hacktivist group Anonymous, the subject of her book We Are Anonymous, and her coverage of Facebook's $19 billion purchase of WhatsApp led to two Forbes cover stories. Supremacy won the Financial Times business book of the year prize in 2024.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.2

Overall score based on 99 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find the work informative and thoroughly researched, particularly valuing the historical background. Feedback regarding the prose is varied, as some listeners describe the writing as skillful while others disagree. The discussion of AI content also draws a range of conflicting responses.

Top reviews

Lucia

Wow, this was an absolute ride through the halls of Silicon Valley power. Parmy Olson does a masterclass job of humanizing the rivalry between Sam Altman and Demis Hassabis, showing how their high-minded ideals eventually collided with the reality of corporate greed. I was particularly gripped by the sections detailing how DeepMind almost became a separate entity before Google pulled the leash tight. The level of research is astounding, even if some of the 'sources close to the matter' remain anonymous for obvious reasons. It reads like a high-stakes thriller rather than a dry tech manual, which made it impossible to put down. If you want to understand why our current AI landscape looks the way it does, start here. It is easily one of the most informative books I’ve picked up this year.

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Thitima

This book is basically a dual biography of Altman and Hassabis disguised as a tech history, and it works brilliantly. Olson captures the messianic delusions of these tech tycoons perfectly, showing how they rationalized taking billions from Big Tech in the name of 'saving humanity.' The narrative flows quickly and keeps you engaged with anecdotes about poker games at Stanford and late-night negotiations with Satya Nadella. I found the section on the 'ethics boards' particularly revealing—it's a classic tale of corporate interests steamrolling any attempt at actual oversight. Even though it's a non-fiction book, I felt a genuine sense of dread reading about how our data from Reddit and Quora is being used to train these models. It is a brilliant piece of investigative journalism that everyone should read.

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Kavya

Picked this up on a whim and was immediately sucked into the high-stakes narrative of the Silicon Valley arms race. The way Olson describes the transition from academic research to multi-billion dollar corporate warfare is both fascinating and deeply unsettling. I had no idea how much influence a small group of investors had on the direction of General Artificial Intelligence. The writing is snappy and the pacing is excellent, making complex topics like deep learning feel accessible to a layperson. Even the parts about the board room drama at OpenAI, which I thought I knew well, had fresh details that surprised me. It's an essential read for anyone worried about the concentration of power in the tech industry. I can't recommend it enough for its clarity and depth.

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Aroon

Ever wonder how we ended up with chatbots that sound like humans but act like profit-driven drones? Olson provides a sobering answer by tracing the path from altruistic non-profits to the massive monopolies of Microsoft and Google. To be fair, I found the technical explanations of transformers a bit light, but the personality studies of figures like Elon Musk and Peter Thiel were fascinatingly grim. The book successfully argues that the 'AI apocalypse' talk is often just a shiny distraction from real-world issues like bias and labor exploitation. My only real complaint is that the writing can feel slightly repetitive toward the middle chapters. However, the historical context regarding the 2010s AI winter is worth the price of admission alone. It’s a necessary reality check for anyone drinking the Silicon Valley Kool-Aid.

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Prinya

As someone who follows tech news loosely, I found the deep dive into the early days of Y Combinator and DeepMind’s chess-playing origins surprisingly illuminating. The author manages to weave together years of journalistic reporting into a cohesive narrative that explains the current arms race perfectly. I appreciated the specific details about how OpenAI was forced to pivot toward Microsoft just to afford the massive computing power required for GPT-4. Look, the book isn't perfect; some of the chapter endings feel like unnecessary cliffhangers designed for a serial magazine rather than a biography. But the core message about how few people actually control this technology is terrifying and needs to be heard. It’s well-written and serves as a great introduction to the ethics of modern computing.

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Ding

Frankly, the most terrifying part of this book isn't the AI itself, but the egos of the men holding the steering wheel. Olson does a great job illustrating how Sam Altman’s background in venture capital shaped OpenAI into something much more aggressive than its founders originally intended. I loved the technical history of how Google accidentally invented the very tech that Microsoft ended up using to beat them. The irony of the 'innovator's dilemma' playing out in real-time is captured with sharp, clear prose. While I agree with other reviewers that the book is a bit male-heavy, that’s more a reflection of the industry than the author’s bias. It’s a solid, well-researched look at the power players of our era. Definitely worth a read for the historical context.

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Scarlett

After hearing so much about ChatGPT, I wanted a book that would explain the 'how' and 'why' without being too academic. Supremacy hits that sweet spot of being approachable while still feeling deeply researched and authoritative. The stories about Demis Hassabis's background in game design and chess were particularly interesting to me as they explain his approach to 'solving' intelligence. It’s worrying to see how quickly these companies abandoned their safety goals once the scent of profit was in the air. I do wish there was more focus on the actual workers training these models in the Global South, as that felt like a missed opportunity for a truly comprehensive look. Still, the book is a page-turner and gave me a lot to think about regarding our digital future.

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Weera

The chapter on the founding of OpenAI really highlights the clash between utopian dreams and the hard reality of the almighty dollar. While I found the history of the 'Attention Is All You Need' paper interesting, I felt like the book spent too much time on personality drama and not enough on global implications. Frankly, it felt like a collection of long-form essays stitched together, leading to a lot of repeated information that could have been edited down. I was hoping for more insight into how AI is affecting countries outside of the US and UK, but the focus remains very Western-centric. It’s a decent summary of the last decade in tech, but if you’ve been keeping up with the news, you might not find much that is truly groundbreaking. It’s informative but occasionally feels stretched thin.

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Oscar

Not what I expected in terms of technical depth, as it focuses much more on the business maneuvers than the actual code or mechanics of AI. The author clearly knows her stuff, but the book suffers from a bit of an identity crisis between being a business biography and a cautionary tale. I found the sections on the training data—specifically the use of biased platforms like Reddit—to be the most important part of the book. However, the tone can be a bit cynical at times, which makes the reading experience feel somewhat heavy and depressing. To be fair, the subject matter isn't exactly cheery, but the repetitive structure made it feel like a bit of a slog by the end. It's a good primer, but maybe not the definitive word on the subject.

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Rose

Finally got around to reading this after seeing it won the FT Business Book of the Year, but I was honestly disappointed. The book feels 100 pages too long because the author constantly repeats the same points about the rivalry and the lack of ethics. If you've read a few long-form articles in the New York Times or Wired over the last three years, you already know 90% of what's in here. The writing style is very 'journalistic' in a way that feels shallow, relying on vague quotes and dramatic flourishes that don't add much substance. I wanted a deeper analysis of the technology itself, but instead, I got a lot of gossip about who was mad at whom in Silicon Valley. It’s fine for a plane ride, but it didn't live up to the massive hype for me.

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Questions about this book

It follows Sam Altman of OpenAI and Demis Hassabis of DeepMind, two founders who wanted to build human-level AI for humanity’s benefit. Olson shows how the enormous computing power such AI needs pushed DeepMind into Google and OpenAI into a $1 billion partnership with Microsoft, and how the race that followed put profit and speed ahead of safety and ethics.

Both labs could pay for top scientists, but neither had the supercomputers and cloud infrastructure that advanced AI requires. DeepMind sold to Google in 2014 for $650 million with conditions, including an ethics board, that Google later dropped. OpenAI, struggling to fund itself as a nonprofit, adopted a capped profit model and accepted Microsoft’s partnership and cloud network.

In late 2023 the OpenAI board, with chief scientist Ilya Sutskever leading the move, suddenly ousted Altman. Staff threatened to leave, Microsoft backed him as its stock fell, and he was quickly reinstated. Olson reads the episode as the near collapse of efforts to slow AI down, and as evidence of Microsoft’s dependence on AI and of the intense loyalty Altman commands.

Olson points to biased systems such as COMPAS, which scored white defendants as lower risk than Black ones, and to predictive policing that over-targets minority communities. She describes how Google dismissed researchers Timnit Gebru and Margaret Mitchell after their Stochastic Parrots paper. She also raises declining transparency, outsourced moderation work in India and Mexico, privacy invasions and a growing cognitive divide.

Use the book as a lens for AI news and for your own work. Ask who supplies a company’s money and computing power, since decisions tend to follow them. Check whether AI makers disclose their training data and labor conditions. Notice what happens to critics inside an organization. And before accepting a powerful partner, ask whether your written protections will survive once your work becomes valuable to them.

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Supremacy

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