Opens in a new tab
15 min 02 sec
Available in:English

Drinking Water: A History

A short history of how water went from a feared drink of the poor to something we expect at every tap. It shows where that system is still weak, from water towers to plastic bottles.

Table of Content

Most of us fill a glass at the tap without a second thought. Yet for centuries that glass could kill, and no person of standing would have touched it. In Drinking Water: A History, law and environmental scholar James Salzman traces how water went from a drink fit for children and slaves to something we expect, safe and cheap, in every kitchen.

His case is that safe drinking water is a recent and fragile achievement. People and politics hold it together at every step: finding a source, cleaning it, moving it to the tap and deciding who pays. The story runs from Roman fountains and a London doctor’s map to teenagers inside a water tower and plans to tow icebergs across an ocean. Afterward you will know which links are weakest and what to ask before buying a bottle.

Rich Romans would not touch it and pilgrims gave it only to the poor, yet legends promised that the right spring could make you young forever. An emperor saw a third use for it.

For centuries, doctors blamed cholera on foul air while people kept drinking from the same contaminated wells. One London physician settled the question with nothing more than records, questions and a street map.

A river running through town sounds like the end of any water worry. New York and London both learned otherwise, one from a pond nobody should have touched and one from a smell that emptied Parliament.

Chlorine has protected city water for more than a century, and modern plants go further still. A recent test of water serving millions of people suggests something from our own bathroom cabinets is getting through.

Water can leave a treatment plant clean and still arrive dirty. A prank in Massachusetts and a tragedy in Missouri show how little it takes to put a whole town’s supply at risk.

Forty years ago, anyone asking for water was pointed to a hose. Now more than 1,500 bottles are opened every second in the United States, yet the cheaper option from the kitchen may be the one more carefully checked.

The United Nations calls clean water a human right, and South Africa wrote free water into its constitution. Turning that promise into a working system proved far harder than anyone expected.

A fifth of the planet’s fresh water sits in one group of lakes, and a plan to share some of it set off a political fight. Others are eyeing icebergs that nobody owns yet.

Salzman’s history makes an ordinary glass of tap water look like a hard-won exception. For thousands of years water was the drink of the poor and a carrier of plagues. Changing that took a doctor’s map, a councilman’s report on Philadelphia, a city choking on the Great Stink and a Belgian town’s first dose of chlorine. None of it happened by itself, and none of it stays done by itself. A tower can be broken into, treated water can carry 56 drugs, and somewhere an old American pipe bursts every two minutes.

That leaves a few things worth doing. Learn where your tap water comes from and who answers for it, because attention is what keeps water safe. Before assuming a bottle beats the tap, recall that New York tests its tap water 330,000 times a year. And when politicians fight over a lake or a pipe budget, recognize the oldest argument in water’s history.

Augustus carved his name on Rome’s fountains to claim the credit. Your glass carries no name, but someone still earns it every day.

About this book

What is this book about?

Most people never ask what comes out of their tap. For most of history, though, plain water was a drink for the poor, and it often made people sick. James Salzman tells the story of how that changed and why the change is less secure than it looks. He follows water from Roman aqueducts and Augustus's free public fountains to John Snow's map of a cholera outbreak in London, New York's long search for clean sources and the Great Stink that drove Parliament out of town. He then walks through the three stages that bring water to a home today: finding it, treating it and distributing it. Each stage has its own weak points, from traces of medicine that survive treatment to teenagers breaking into a town's water tower. The book also takes on bottled water, the debate over water as a human right, ageing pipes and the scramble over the Great Lakes and even icebergs. Readers come out understanding the system behind a glass of water and what questions to ask about it.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

History, Nature & the Environment

Topics:

Public Policy, Sustainability

Publisher:

Media-Participations

Language:

English

Narrator:

Nora

First published:

October 25, 2012

Pages:

336

Length:

15 min 02 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Curious about tap safety

    Curious readers who drink from the tap daily and want to know what keeps it safe.

  • Buyers of bottled water

    Bottled water buyers wondering whether the extra cost buys cleaner water.

  • Interested in water history

    Students and professionals in public health, policy or the environment who want the long history behind today's water debates.

Listen to Preview

About the Author

James Salzman

James Salzman teaches at UCLA's law school and at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara, after earlier years at Duke University. He earned law and engineering degrees together at Harvard, a first there. He worked at the OECD in Paris, was European Environmental Manager for Johnson Wax in London and has served on a US Environmental Protection Agency advisory council on drinking water. He often comments on water issues in the media.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.4

Overall score based on 55 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find this work to be informative and thoroughly researched, with one listener highlighting its scientific detail on involved elements. Furthermore, the prose is compelling and simple to understand, and listeners value the exploration of how humanity has used and relied on water throughout time. The book also gains praise for its political insights and economic significance, with one listener mentioning its focus on social impacts.

Top reviews

Duangjai

Finally got around to reading this, and the scientific detail regarding water contaminants like lead and arsenic was absolutely eye-opening. Salzman makes the complex chemistry of water quality accessible to a layperson while keeping the narrative moving at a brisk pace. I particularly enjoyed the exploration of how "pure" water is a modern myth since almost everything contains some microbes or poisons. The book highlights the incredible social impacts of water scarcity, specifically how it affects education for girls in Africa. It is a well-rounded, informative, and deeply researched piece of nonfiction. Even though it covers dark topics like water-borne diseases, it ends on a hopeful note regarding new filtration technologies and reuse policies that could change our future.

Show more
Ingrid

Wow, I never realized how much our survival hinges on such a fragile network of pipes and political treaties. This book is a wake-up call about the looming water crisis and how it will exacerbate the divide between the haves and the have-nots. Salzman’s research is impeccable, drawing connections between climate change, terrorism, and our daily tap water. I was moved by the statistics on how many people die each year from preventable water-borne illnesses. It is a powerful read that blends science, history, and sociology into a compelling narrative that feels both urgent and timeless. Everyone should read this to understand why our future wars will likely be fought over liquid gold rather than oil or land.

Show more
Amelia

Ever wonder why we pay five dollars for a plastic bottle of something that comes nearly free from the tap? This book dives deep into that paradox, examining the shift from water as a public right to a global commodity. Salzman does a fantastic job explaining the economic value of water without getting bogged down in dry spreadsheets. I was especially fascinated by the section on Roman infrastructure and how they managed to fund public fountains by charging the wealthy for private pipes. The writing is generally engaging, though some of the political discussions regarding social justice felt a bit heavy-handed toward the end. Still, it is a necessary read for anyone concerned about future resource wars and the looming global shortages that intelligence agencies are already preparing for.

Show more
Nong

As someone who remembers life before the explosion of bottled water, this book really hit home. It explores how we transitioned from trusting the public fountain to carrying around mountains of plastic bottles in just a few decades. Salzman presents a balanced view of the public good versus private commodity debate, giving weight to both sides without being too preachy. The chapter on the Marcellus Shale was a highlight for me, as it grounded the abstract policy talk in real-world environmental concerns. My only gripe is that the author repeats certain anecdotes, like the origins of holy water, multiple times. Aside from that, it is an engaging and very relevant piece of social history that makes you rethink every sip you take.

Show more
Chanida

This book provides a wide-ranging overview of our relationship with water, covering everything from ancient myths to modern fracking. While the writing style is mostly easy to follow, it sometimes swings wildly between broad generalizations and hyper-specific technical details. I appreciated the discussion on whether water should be a human right, as it forced me to consider the massive costs of transport and infrastructure. Salzman avoids being a strong advocate for one side, which some might see as a liability, but I found it refreshing. It allows the reader to weigh the evidence and come to their own conclusions about this unsettled global issue. The economic value of water has never been more apparent than it is today, especially with the crumbling pipes in our own towns.

Show more
Goy

After hearing all the buzz about this book, I expected something a bit more focused on the physical history of water engineering and labor. Instead, it is a presentation of modern concerns with some random historical references sprinkled in to add flavor. Personally, I think the author’s promotion of certain political viewpoints becomes a bit distracting, though he does try to present both sides of the right-to-water debate. It covers a lot of ground—maybe too much—leaving some of the most interesting historical aspects feeling a bit thin. I did appreciate the look at the economic value of water and how it has been commodified over time. It is a very solid read, just don’t expect a purely historical account without a modern agenda.

Show more
Boss

Salzman takes an incredibly ambitious look at how humanity interacts with our most vital resource, but the structure is a total mess. He jumps from the Old Testament to modern plumbing and then back to the Middle Ages like he is shuffling a deck of cards. Frankly, it feels less like a cohesive history and more like a collection of legal briefs on water safety and availability. While the facts are well-researched, I found the lack of chronological flow frustrating for a book that calls itself a history. The truth is, the legal perspective overshadows the historical narrative most of the time. It is definitely informative, but you have to work hard to piece the timeline together yourself because it feels like notes sorted by modern concerns rather than an actual era-by-era progression.

Show more
Tod

The chapter on the origins of bottled water as holy water was fascinating, yet the author brings it up again later as if he forgot he already told us. This kind of repetition makes the book feel like it missed a final pass with a strong editor who could shake the material into a better order. There is plenty of interesting information here regarding how water influences globalization and social justice. However, the organization is purely thematic, which means you lose any sense of historical progression. One minute you are in 19th-century London, and the next you are looking at future terrorism threats in the Middle East. It is a decent introductory text for those who do not know much about water policy, but it is far from perfect.

Show more
Matteo

To be fair, Salzman is a lawyer, and this book definitely reflects that specific professional interest. It is more about the regulation, safety, and modern litigation of water than a traditional chronological history of human interaction with the resource. I found the anecdotes about 20th-century water transport interesting, but the overall structure felt like a pile of note cards sorted by topic rather than a flowing story. It is a bit dry in sections, especially when he dives into the minutiae of policy decisions and globalization. If you are looking for a narrative history like Kurlansky’s Salt, you might be disappointed by the lack of a cohesive through-line. Still, the information is valuable if you can stomach the somewhat disjointed presentation.

Show more
Roydao

Not what I expected from a book marketed as a history of drinking water. Instead of a deep dive into how humans actually transported and sanitized water through the ages, we get a lawyer's perspective on modern regulations and progressive politics. The author barely touches on the physical labor involved in water procurement for most of human history, which feels like a massive oversight. Instead, the focus remains stubbornly on modern policy debates and modern aspects of water decisions. The prose is adequate at best, often feeling repetitive and disorganized as if several different essays were stitched together into a barely adequate fashion. To me, it is way too nonspecific and dated in its approach to be a definitive history.

Show more
Show all reviews

Questions about this book

It traces how drinking water went from a drink for the poor to a public service most people take for granted. Salzman covers Roman aqueducts, John Snow’s discovery that polluted water spread cholera, and the search for clean sources in New York and London. He then looks at modern weak points in treatment and distribution, the rise of bottled water, water as a human right, and the race to secure future supplies.

Probably not as much as people think. The Environmental Protection Agency holds no power over the quality of bottled water, while New York City tests its tap water 330,000 times a year. Studies in Kansas and California found arsenic and lead in some brands. In Cleveland, 39 of 57 bottles were cleaner than tap water, but 15 had more bacteria. Bottles also cost water and plastic to make.

During London’s 1854 cholera outbreak, the physician John Snow used medical records, surveys and a map to link the cases to one water pump on Broad Street. He found a dirty diaper near its supply, the first hard evidence that polluted water caused cholera. His work helped found epidemiology, and cities that then built sewers and clean supplies saw life expectancy double.

Salzman points to distribution, the stage after treatment when water sits in towers or underground hubs before reaching homes. In Blackstone, Massachusetts, teenagers broke into a water tower in 2006, and flushing and testing the water cost $40,000. In Gideon, Missouri, in 1993, bird droppings in the supply caused salmonella that killed seven people. Protection varies widely from one town to the next.

Start by learning where your tap water comes from and who is responsible for it, since the book shows that safe water depends on people paying attention. Question the assumption that bottled water is better, because tap water is usually the more tested option. And when debates arise over water rights, pipe repairs or who controls a lake, recognize them as part of a long political history.

AUDIO SUMMARY AVAILABLE

Listen to Drinking Water in 15 minutes

Get the key ideas from Drinking Water by James Salzman, plus 5,000+ more nonfiction titles.

  • 5,000+ titles
  • Listen as much as you want
  • 7-day free trial
  • Cancel anytime

Drinking Water

Preview · Full summary 15 min 02 sec
Home

Discover

Open app

Log in