Rise of the Rocket Girls: The Women Who Propelled Us, from Missiles to the Moon to Mars
Nathalia Holt tells how the women computers of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculated the paths of rockets, satellites and probes, and how they built the American space program while history looked elsewhere.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
58 sec
If your picture of the space race is astronauts in helmets and men at control consoles, you are missing the people who did the math. In Rise of the Rocket Girls, author Nathalia Holt shows that a team of women at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California worked as human computers, calculating by hand the paths that lifted rockets off the ground and sent probes to the planets. Before electronic machines could keep up, the word computer meant a person, and at JPL that person was usually a woman.
Holt spent years interviewing these women, and her story makes one case: from wartime missiles to the Moon and Mars, the American space program rested on their numbers, even while history kept them offstage. Follow it and you get a truer history of spaceflight, along with lessons about skill, preparation and credit that still hold in any workplace where the most visible people are not the only ones doing the work.
2. The hidden team behind the first rocket tests
1 min 40 sec
A rocket lab founded by three restless friends needed someone to turn every noisy test into numbers. The person who stepped in had been working as a typist, and she changed who the lab would hire.
3. Skill opened doors that degrees kept shut
1 min 52 sec
Most employers of the 1940s filtered candidates by diplomas few women could earn. One lab asked a different question, and the answer helped produce a rocket fuel made from road tar.
4. Keep a dream alive inside someone else's project
1 min 43 sec
The government canceled the satellite project the lab cared about most. The team obeyed, took the next assignment, and did something with it that would later decide how fast America could answer a rival.
5. Preparation turns a lost race into a fast win
1 min 48 sec
A test rocket carried sandbags instead of a satellite, and a rival nation took the headline. What happened over the next few months, including eight minutes of silence in mission control, rewrote the ending.
6. Human computers beat the first machines
1 min 39 sec
When electronic computers finally arrived at the lab, everyone expected them to take over. Instead, an IBM machine earned an insulting nickname, and one woman kept winning the speed contests.
7. Learn the new tools before they replace you
1 min 46 sec
A plan to send one probe past planet after planet demanded more math than any team could do by hand. The women facing it made a career move that still makes sense for anyone whose job is changing.
8. Learn how one manager opened doors for others
1 min 47 sec
A woman who became pregnant was expected to walk away from her career, even at a lab proud of its female workforce. One supervisor kept finding ways around the rules, and her recruits became something she never could.
9. Conclusion
1 min 16 sec
What Holt’s history adds up to is a new answer to the question of who made spaceflight happen. The astronauts and the men at the consoles were real, but the paths they followed were drawn first in notebooks, by women whose names rarely reached the newspapers. In Holt’s image, their task was like aiming an arrow at a moving target millions of miles away.
Sue Finley carries the story to its close. In 1985, during the Vega mission, a French, Russian and US effort that sent instruments to Venus and offered a rare chance to study Halley’s Comet, she typed commands by hand to turn the Deep Space Network’s giant dishes and catch the fragile signals, while male colleagues looked on. Most of her generation had retired by the 1990s. Finley was still at JPL in 2015, waiting to see the Juno probe reach Jupiter, which it did in July 2016.
The story leaves a habit worth practicing. When you admire any big success, ask whose calculations sit underneath it, and say their names. If you can open a door for someone the usual filters miss, open it. Finley never needed the spotlight to know her worth. The rest of us just need to look past it.
About this book
What is this book about?
Histories of the space race usually show astronauts in orbit and men at control consoles. Nathalia Holt tells a different story. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, a team of women worked as human computers. With pencils and notebooks they turned test data into thrust figures and plotted the paths of missiles, satellites and planetary probes. Holt spent years interviewing these women. She follows them from the lab's early rocket tests in 1939, through the Corporal missile and the secret satellite work that put Explorer into orbit, to the Moon programs, Voyager's tour of the outer planets and the Viking landing on Mars. Along the way they beat the first electronic machines in speed contests, learned to program those machines, and pushed against rules that forced pregnant women to quit. The result is a truer history of spaceflight and a portrait of talent finding its way in without the usual credentials. It also offers a lesson about the work behind every visible success, and about how one manager who opens doors can change who gets to become an engineer.
Book Information
Who it's for
Space and history buffs
Space and history fans who know the astronauts but not the people who plotted their paths.
Women in STEM
Women in technical fields looking for the pioneers who worked without degrees or maternity leave.
Managers seeking real examples
Managers who want a real example of opening doors for overlooked talent.
About the Author
Nathalia Holt
Nathalia Holt is a New York Times bestselling author whose books include Cured: The People who Defeated HIV, The Queens of Animation, Wise Gals and The Beast in the Clouds. For Rise of the Rocket Girls she spent years talking with the women of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and gathering their stories. Her articles have appeared in The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic, Slate, Popular Science, PBS and Time.
Ratings & Reviews
Ratings at a glance
What people think
Listeners find this to be an exceptional non-fiction work that recounts the incredible narrative of female contributions to space travel, especially regarding their time at JPL. They value the book's commitment to historical precision and thorough research, noting how it explores diverse facets of space missions while emphasizing the ways these women fostered mutual support within STEM careers. Reactions to the prose itself are varied; while some find the writing to be high quality, others characterize it as terrible.
Top reviews
Wow, what a truly inspiring journey through the history of the space program. I was completely captivated by the lives of Barbara Canright, Helen Ling, and the other women who made JPL a success. This isn't just a book about math; it's a book about breaking barriers and proving everyone wrong. Holt writes with a genuine passion for her subjects that is contagious. I loved how the book highlighted the ways these women encouraged and mentored each other, creating a legacy that continues at JPL today. Not gonna lie, I teared up a few times reading about their struggles and eventual triumphs. It’s a comprehensive, beautiful tribute to the unsung heroes of the stars. Every young woman interested in a STEM career should have a copy of this on her shelf. It’s proof that with enough determination and a sharp pencil, you can literally change the world.
Show moreFinally got around to reading this, and it was worth the wait. "Rise of the Rocket Girls" is a masterclass in narrative non-fiction. The level of historical accuracy is impressive, yet it never feels like a dry lecture. Instead, Nathalia Holt weaves together the personal struggles of these women with the high-octane excitement of the space race. I especially appreciated the deep dive into how they handled the transition to digital computers—it was a "learn or get left behind" moment, and they rose to the challenge beautifully. Some critics point to the descriptions of clothes as a flaw, but personally, I think those details helped bring the era to life. It gave the story a vivid, cinematic quality. This book is a fantastic celebration of intelligence and perseverance. It’s easily one of the best history books I’ve read this year.
Show moreThis book is a gem for anyone who loves space exploration or hidden history. While many people are familiar with "Hidden Figures," the story of the women at JPL in California is just as vital and equally gripping. I was hooked from the very first chapter. Holt’s ability to take complex mathematical concepts and explain them through the daily lives of these "computers" is a rare talent. The book covers so much ground, from the early days of missile testing to the grand tours of the outer planets. To be fair, it’s a long read, but the pacing is excellent. I felt like I really got to know these women—their fears, their triumphs, and their incredible brilliance. It’s an amazing story of women supporting women to reach the stars. If you’re looking for a book that is both educational and deeply moving, this is it. Five stars all the way!
Show moreThe story of the "human computers" at JPL is one that absolutely needed to be told. Holt does a fantastic job showing how these women weren't just colleagues, but a genuine support system for one another in a male-dominated world. I loved the details about how they navigated the "no-maternity-leave" era by helping each other get rehired after having children. It’s a powerful testament to their resilience. While the author does spend a lot of time on their personal lives and clothing—which some might find distracting—I felt it added a layer of humanity that made the history feel more "lived-in." Truth is, these women were pioneers who paved the way for modern software engineering. Seeing their names finally recognized alongside the famous male engineers was moving. It’s not a perfect book, and the writing can be a bit flowery at times, but the inspiration I took from their grit far outweighed the minor stylistic gripes.
Show moreAs someone who isn't a science geek, I was worried this would be too dry or technical to enjoy. Not the case at all! Nathalia Holt keeps the focus on the human element, making the complex history of rocket science accessible to a general audience. The way she traces the lab’s growth from a group of "suicide squad" hobbyists at Caltech to a cornerstone of NASA is just brilliant. I appreciated learning about the specific missions, like Explorer 1 and the Voyager probes, through the eyes of the women who calculated the trajectories. Gotta say, the blatant sexism they faced was infuriating to read about, but it made their successes even sweeter. My only real complaint is that the timeline gets a bit muddled in the later chapters as more characters are introduced. Still, it’s a wonderful read for anyone interested in space exploration or the hidden history of women in America.
Show moreThe level of research that went into this volume is staggering. Holt spent years interviewing the surviving "computers" and digging through archives, and it shows in the depth of the narrative. Using oral histories as a primary source gives the book an authentic voice that you don't always get in academic non-fiction. I found the transition from hand-calculating to using the first giant IBM machines particularly fascinating. It highlights a pivotal moment in technological history that we often take for granted today. In my experience, some readers might find the focus on the women's domestic lives a bit much, but I think it serves to illustrate the total lack of work-life balance expected of them. My rating is a strong four stars because, despite a few pacing issues in the second half, the book successfully restores these women to their rightful place in the annals of space flight.
Show moreNot what I expected, but in a mostly good way. I thought this would be a textbook about math, but it’s actually more like a group biography. It’s fascinating to see how the culture at JPL evolved from the 1940s through the 70s. These women were basically the original pioneers of the modern workforce, balancing high-level physics with the social pressures of the time. To be fair, the author’s tendency to describe every outfit and hairstyle did get a little old after the first hundred pages. However, the payoff is worth it when you realize just how much these women contributed to missions like the moon landing and Mars exploration. The writing is clear and easy to follow, making it a great weekend read. It’s an eye-opening look at the early days of NASA and a great reminder that space travel wasn't just built by men in white shirts and skinny ties.
Show morePicked this up after seeing it on a few "Women in STEM" lists, and I have mixed feelings. On one hand, the history of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is fascinating, and I loved learning how these "human computers" transitioned from hand-written math to early IBM programming. However, the book suffers from serious info-dumping issues. To be fair, Holt clearly did her homework, but the sheer volume of mundane backstories made the middle section a slog. I also found the constant references to their physical appearances—like the calluses and pucker marks on their hands—to be unnecessary filler. Look, the core story is inspiring, but the organization is messy. It oscillates between dense scientific reporting and weirdly superficial personal details. It’s an important contribution to the history of space exploration, yet I can’t help feeling that a more focused editor could have turned this into something much more impactful.
Show moreEver wonder who was actually doing the math before NASA had silicon chips? This book answers that question by profiling the incredible women at JPL. I opted for the audiobook, and while Erin Bennett is usually a solid narrator, her delivery here felt a bit robotic, especially during the chapter transitions. The content itself is a bit of a rollercoaster. Some chapters are gripping, showcasing the high-stakes pressure of the Cold War and the Space Race, while others get bogged down in what the women ate for lunch or their dating lives. Personally, I found the technical evolution from FORTRAN to modern computing much more engaging than the social gossip. It’s a good book with great intentions, but it lacks the narrative punch I was expecting. It’s worth a read for the historical value, but be prepared to do some skimming when the descriptions of 1950s fashion become too much to handle.
Show moreI really wanted to love this book because the subject is so vital, but the execution was incredibly disappointing. Why does Nathalia Holt spend so much time describing the women's "A-line skirts" or their wind-blown hair? It felt like I was reading a 1950s gossip column rather than a serious history of brilliant mathematicians. The writing style leans toward a "Nancy Drew" vibe that completely undermines the professional achievements of these JPL pioneers. Frankly, it’s insulting to focus on whether a scientist wore stockings when she was busy calculating rocket trajectories by hand. While the research is clearly there, the storytelling is lackluster and patronizing. These women deserved a narrative that treated them as the geniuses they were, not as "girlish" side characters in their own lives. If you want to know their names, Google them instead; you’ll get more respect for their intelligence that way.
Show moreQuestions about this book
What is Rise of the Rocket Girls about?
Nathalia Holt tells the story of the women who worked as human computers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Starting in the 1940s, they calculated by hand the thrust of rocket tests and the paths of missiles, satellites and probes. Their work runs from the early rocket experiments and the Explorer satellite to the Moon programs, Voyager and the Viking mission to Mars, while history mostly credited astronauts and male engineers.
Who were the main women in Rise of the Rocket Girls?
Barbara Canright was JPL’s first female computer, and Macie Roberts built the all-female computing team. Barbara Paulson computed the two-stage Corporal launch, tracked Explorer and plotted Viking’s path to Mars. Helen Chow was the lab’s undefeated calculation champion and later a manager. Sue Finley worked on lunar probes, Voyager and the Deep Space Network, and was still at JPL in 2015.
Were human computers really faster than early electronic computers?
At JPL they were, for years. In the early 1960s a machine like the IBM 1620 was still the size of a desk, slow and unreliable. An IBM model called CADET was mocked as Can’t Add, Doesn’t Even Try. In the team’s speed contests no machine could beat Helen Chow. Later, as machines improved, the women learned languages like FORTRAN and HAL and ran them.
Did the women at JPL need engineering degrees?
No. The computing jobs required strong advanced math skills, not a degree, which mattered because significant numbers of women could not earn engineering degrees until the 1970s. When universities opened engineering programs to women, Helen Chow hired women as programmers and then encouraged them to study engineering at night school, so they could move into roles with more authority.
What lessons does Rise of the Rocket Girls offer today?
The book suggests judging people by what they can do rather than by their paperwork, as JPL did when it hired computers without degrees. It shows how preparation pays off, since secret satellite work let JPL launch Explorer within 90 days. It also shows managers like Helen Chow opening doors for others, and it asks readers to notice who does the work behind visible success.
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