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14 min 15 sec
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Rare: The High-Stakes Race to Satisfy Our Need for the Scarcest Metals on Earth

Shows how little-known metals inside phones, fighter jets, electric cars and reactors became a source of global power, and why China, Afghanistan and the space powers sit at the center of the race for them.

Table of Content

Most people carry a phone full of metals they could not name, and Keith Veronese argues that this blind spot hides one of the great contests of our time. In Rare, the chemist explains that the metals behind screens, reactors, fighter jets and hybrid cars are not truly scarce in the ground. An ordinary scoop of soil can hold as much europium or neodymium as copper or nickel. What makes them rare is how thinly they are spread and how hard they are to pull out.

That single fact drives everything else in the book. Because these metals are costly to extract and concentrated in a few places, whoever controls the supply holds power over everyone else’s technology. Veronese follows that thread from an eighteenth century Swedish quarry to a mining district in Inner Mongolia, the soil of Afghanistan and the dying stars where the metals were born. By the end, the gadgets on your desk read as a map of who has power, and who is working to get it.

Some of the metals with the strangest names are hiding in the soil under your feet, in amounts similar to copper. So why do governments and companies treat them like treasure, and what makes collecting them so painful?

An army officer picked up a strange black rock in a Swedish quarry and could not figure out what it was. The element hiding inside would sit idle for a very long time before it found work.

Smartphones get the attention, but they are not where these metals earn their keep. The real demand comes from places where weight, vibration and runaway reactions can cost lives or decide wars.

A crime novel from 1961 was accused of teaching readers how to murder without a trace. The poison at its center was real, cheap and slow, and it still claims victims today.

Geologists compare one country’s underground wealth to Saudi Arabia’s oil, and the rest of the world needs it badly. The reason goes back to a scorching, oxygen-poor planet long before any human walked the earth.

For decades, foreign powers used one country as the stage for their rivalries. A government survey found something under its soil that might finally let it write a different story.

The metals in your phone were forged in the death of stars, so there may be plenty beyond Earth. A treaty from 1966 tried to settle who gets them, and the countries that matter most are holding back.

Veronese’s book turns the periodic table into a map of power. Elements with names few people can pronounce sit inside the jets that guard countries, the batteries that move cars and the reactors that light cities. They are everywhere in the ground and almost nowhere in usable form, and that gap between presence and supply is where the contest happens. China won the first round through an accident of geology more than 400 million years old. Afghanistan may yet find its way out of war through the same kind of luck, and the space powers are keeping their options open beyond the sky.

Some of this carries into ordinary life. When a headline warns of a shortage, ask whether the problem is the rock itself or the cost of processing it. Before relying on any technology, find out which metals it needs and how many countries can supply them. And look again at the device in your hand: a smartphone is also a small record of mines, trade routes and old rivalries.

The race Veronese describes is already running, and most of us join it every time we charge a battery.

About this book

What is this book about?

Lanthanum, cerium and praseodymium sound like ingredients from a fantasy novel, yet they sit inside screens, batteries, reactors and military aircraft. Keith Veronese, a chemist, explains why a group of metals that turns up in almost any handful of soil still counts as rare. They are spread so thinly, and bound so tightly to other matter, that collecting them takes enormous effort and waste. From there, he follows these metals through history and geopolitics. A strange black rock from a Swedish quarry yields yttrium, which has to wait for twentieth century chemistry to become useful. Beryllium frames fighter jets, lanthanum boosts the Toyota Prius battery, and thallium becomes a poison favored by impatient heirs. A mining district in Inner Mongolia gives China a position geologists compare to Saudi Arabia's oil, while a 2010 survey suggests Afghanistan holds a fortune that could end its role as a battleground. Readers gain a clear picture of why these obscure elements matter, who controls them, and why the contest may one day reach the metals of space.

Book Information

Rating:

Genre:

Politics & Current Affairs, Science

Topics:

Geopolitics, Globalization

Publisher:

Globe Pequot

Language:

English

Narrator:

Robert

First published:

January 6, 2015

Pages:

270

Length:

14 min 15 sec

Get the book:

Amazon

Who it's for

  • Tech and industry professionals

    Professionals in tech, energy or manufacturing who want to know what their products really depend on.

  • Following geopolitics and trade

    Readers following China, Afghanistan or trade tensions who want the resource story beneath the headlines.

  • Never heard of lanthanum

    Curious smartphone owners who have never heard of lanthanum and suspect they should have.

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About the Author

Keith Veronese

Keith Veronese is a chemist who earned his doctorate in 2011 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He has written for Gawker Media, including its science site io9, and for Alpha Brand Media. In Rare he turns his training to the obscure metals found in everything from smartphones to nuclear weapons, and to the lengths countries and companies go to obtain them. He is also the author of Plugged In: Comic Book Professionals Working in the Video Game Industry, published by TwoMorrows Publishing in 2013.

Ratings & Reviews

Ratings at a glance

4.3

Overall score based on 19 ratings.

What people think

Listeners find the book engaging and enjoyable. Opinions on the quality of information are mixed, with some finding it very informative while others feel it is rather general. Sentiment toward the mineral content is also varied; listeners value the coverage of rare earth minerals, though one listener points out a lack of research on all REE minerals. The material receives split reviews, with some finding it fascinating while another listener notes it lacks rigorous scientific substance.

Top reviews

Maya

Finally got around to picking this up after hearing about the mineral conflicts in the news, and I wasn't disappointed. Veronese has a way of making chemistry feel urgent and alive. I had no idea that the history of modern chemistry owed such a massive debt to the seemingly crazy experiments of medieval alchemy. The book does a great job explaining why China currently has the world over a barrel when it comes to these resources. It’s not just about who has the rocks, but who has the infrastructure to refine them. I found the chapters on the Cold War and how certain elements are created in nuclear reactors to be especially gripping. Sure, it’s a bit fast-paced and leans into the 'science for the masses' style, but that’s exactly what I was looking for. It’s a great eye-opener for anyone curious about the hidden costs of our smartphones and hybrid car batteries.

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Darawan

Looking past the occasional proofreading error, there is a wealth of fascinating information here about the geopolitics of scarcity. I was particularly interested in the sections on 'dirty recycling.' We often think we’re being green by tossing our old tech into a bin, but Veronese shows the dark side of that—how those devices end up in places like India or Africa where children break them down by hand, exposing themselves to arsenic and antimony. It’s a haunting look at the global supply chain. The author also does a great job explaining the role of rare metals in advanced technologies like YAG lasers and super-magnets. I didn't know that Scandium was what made metal halide lamps work! This book turned what could have been a boring list of elements into a series of interconnected stories about power, greed, and innovation. For anyone who likes 'micro-histories,' this is a must-read.

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Watchara

Ever wonder what’s actually powering the device you’re using to read this? Rare is a fascinating, if occasionally messy, look at the physical ingredients of the digital age. Keith Veronese connects the dots between things as disparate as golf clubs, iPhones, and tribal warfare in the Congo. I was particularly struck by the discussion on tantalum—it’s wild to think we carry around 40 grams of it without a second thought. While the author does go off on some weird tangents, like a long section on the opium trade in Afghanistan, the core message about our reliance on these minerals is vital. The section on 'toxic colonies' where electronic waste is recycled by children in developing nations was sobering and well-handled. It isn't a textbook, and the science is definitely simplified for the masses, but as a primer on the geopolitics of scarcity, it really works. It makes you realize how much our high-tech future depends on very old-school mining and global power plays.

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Carlos

After seeing that sleek cover design, I was expecting a decent dive into the world of rare earth elements, and for the most part, that’s what I got. Veronese covers a lot of ground here. He starts with the history of man’s relationship with metal and moves all the way into future undersea mining and the exploitation of the Arctic. I personally found the discussion on how China played the long game to dominate the market to be the most compelling part of the book. It’s a cautionary tale about industrial planning that most Westerners aren't aware of. There are some issues with transitions between chapters, and the writing can be a bit dry in the technical sections, but the accessibility is a huge plus. It’s a solid introduction for a layperson who wants to understand why certain rocks are worth more than gold. Just be prepared for a few typos along the way.

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Gioia

Picked this up on a whim and came away with a much better understanding of why China holds so much leverage in the current global economy. Veronese explains the process of mining and refining these ores in a way that makes it clear why it’s so hard for other countries to just 'start up' their own mines. It’s an expensive, dirty, and long-term commitment. I also appreciated the look at the potential for future mining in the Antarctic. The book is very broad, covering everything from the Cold War to modern hybrid car batteries, which keeps things moving at a brisk pace. Some might find it too general, but for me, it provided just enough detail to be informative without getting bogged down in heavy chemical formulas. It definitely makes you look at your smartphone differently once you realize the human and environmental cost of the minerals inside it.

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Chloe

Gotta say, I was pleasantly surprised by how much I learned from this book despite some of the negative things I’d heard about the editing. The author does a solid job of outlining the stakes for the next few decades as these metals become even rarer. The focus on sustainability in the final chapters was a nice touch, offering some hope after a lot of depressing (but necessary) talk about conflict minerals and toxic dumps. I liked the bit about how aluminum was once considered a rare and precious metal before we figured out how to isolate it—it provides a great historical parallel for what we’re going through now. The writing style is casual and very accessible, which I prefer over dense academic prose. If you're interested in how the physical world dictates international policy, you’ll find plenty to appreciate here. It’s a quick read that covers a surprising amount of territory.

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Amy

The chapter on the potential mineral wealth of Afghanistan was the highlight for me, but the rest of the book was a bit of a mixed bag. Veronese clearly knows his stuff when it comes to the general landscape of mining, but he has a tendency to wander away from his main topic. I didn't really need a long-winded history of poppy growing when I signed up for a book about minerals. That said, the information regarding the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the role of 'conflict minerals' was eye-opening, even if it felt a bit brief in places. I appreciated the section on DIY mineral extraction from old electronics, though it felt a bit out of place next to the heavier geopolitical discussions. It’s an easy enough read, but it lacks the depth I was hoping for. It feels like it’s trying to be three different books at once: a history, a chemistry guide, and a political manifesto. It succeeds at being moderately interesting in all three without mastering any.

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Kanokwan

Not what I expected, but in a way that kept me turning the pages despite the obvious flaws. The truth is, Rare feels like it was written in a rush. There are some glaring errors—like the NASA thing—that really should have been caught by an editor. However, if you can get past the lack of polish, the subject matter is undeniably important. I enjoyed the parts about the 19th-century discoveries in Sweden and the weird ways gold can be counterfeited using other rare metals. The book struggles to find a balance between being a hobbyist guide and a serious look at global trade, but it manages to be entertaining regardless. It’s a good 'airplane book'—interesting enough to keep your attention for a few hours, but you might forget half the details a week later. It’s a broad overview that serves as a decent starting point if you know absolutely nothing about the topic.

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Bo

To be fair, I really wanted to like this book given how relevant the subject of rare earth minerals is to modern technology. Unfortunately, the execution was lacking. The author seems to struggle with basic terminology, frequently conflating 'rare earth elements' with just any element that is hard to find, like gold or platinum. It’s a major distinction that any science writer should get right. To make matters worse, the proofreading is non-existent. At one point, the book refers to 'elections' when it clearly meant 'electrons,' and it calls NASA the 'North American Space Agency.' These kinds of errors make it hard to trust the more complex scientific claims. While some of the history regarding Swedish and Finnish scientists was interesting, it was buried under a lot of superficial analysis. If you’re looking for a rigorous scientific or economic study, you should probably look elsewhere. This felt more like a collection of blog posts than a cohesive book.

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Monthon

Frankly, this was one of the most frustrating 'science' books I have encountered in years. The author utterly failed to provide a cohesive narrative. One moment we are talking about the periodic table, and the next we are glossing over horrific massacres in the DRC in just a couple of sentences. It felt incredibly disrespectful to the gravity of the geopolitical situations he was attempting to describe. Furthermore, the science was just plain bad. He didn't include a single interview with a working geologist or visit any of the sites he described, which led to a lot of impressionistic remarks that don't hold up to scrutiny. The claim that 19th-century Sweden was 'strife-free' compared to England is historically laughable. After reading high-quality science writing from authors who actually do their research, this felt like a hurried, ill-planned effort. It’s a shame because the cover is beautiful, but the content inside is a total mess of contradictions and typos.

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Questions about this book

Veronese argues that a group of obscure metals, found in tiny traces almost everywhere but very hard to extract, has become essential to screens, batteries, nuclear reactors and military aircraft. Because usable supply is concentrated in a few places, above all China, control of these metals is turning into a source of global power, with Afghanistan and even outer space as the next places to watch.

When they were first found, people assumed they were as scarce as gold or diamonds, and the name stuck. Veronese explains that many of them are as common in soil as copper or nickel. The rarity comes from concentration: tons of rock may yield only a gram or a milligram, and the chemicals used to separate them also destroy part of the metal.

China holds most of the world’s supply, and a big portion sits at Bayan Obo, a mining district in Inner Mongolia that started out as an iron mine in the 1930s. The deposit formed more than 400 million years ago, possibly when a tectonic shift brought magma and metals up from deep in the earth. China tried to restrict exports between 2012 and 2015 until the World Trade Organization overruled it.

Veronese notes that beryllium appears in the airframes of five fighter jet families, the F-35 among them, and also in drone circuitry, radar, bomb detectors and vibration-resistant glass used for tank mirrors. On the civilian side, each Toyota Prius needs nearly twenty pounds of lanthanum for its battery, some of these metals help control reactions in nuclear fuel rods, and thorium is being studied as a safer reactor fuel.

It suits anyone who wants to understand the physical materials behind modern technology and the politics around them: people working in tech, energy or manufacturing, readers following China’s rise or Afghanistan’s future, and curious listeners drawn to stories like thallium poisonings or the question of who owns the moon’s resources. No chemistry background is needed.

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